Download Structural Adaptations

Structural Adaptations
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4
•
What is the primary
organ for
photosynthesis for a
plant?
• What about it makes it
well adapted for this
job?
• Leaf, chlorophyll
captures sunlight in
chloroplasts to make
food.
• some are broad to
capture a lot of light, or
are small and last all
winter long
What is the purpose of the
stem?
5
• Label the parts of a leaf
below. Why are most of
the chloroplasts at the
top of the
cuticle
epidermis
Vascular
bundle
Palisade layer
Spongy layer
chloroplast
Guard cell and stomata
• Loosing leaves
helps tree maintain
water balance
• Think about some
examples of plants
that do not have
broad leaves—
needles on pine
trees, spines on a
cactus, etc. Why
are these different?
•
To prevent water
loss (smaller
leaves lose less
water), lose even
less if there is no
leaf
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Osmosis
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• What process would a
single celled
organism use to move
gas across it’s
membrane?
• Diffusion
15.
• Plants have
specialized holes at
the bottom of their
leaves. What is the
purpose for these
structures? Why
are they on the
bottom of the
leaves?
• Exchange of
Carbon dioxide
and oxygen. They
are on the bottom
of the leaf to
prevent water loss.
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• Respiration means
the exchanging of
gasses. What two
gasses are being
exchanged?
• Carbon Dioxide and
Oxygen
Gas exchange in water
13.
• What structure allows
animals to accomplish
respiration on the
land?
• Lungs
13
• If an animal does not
have gill or lungs,
how will gasses be
exchanged? What
could help those on
land perform this?
• Moist skin
• Xylem-Water
moves up from
roots to leave to
help with
photosynthesis
• Phloem-sugars
move down from
where they are
made (leaves) to
the rest of the
plant.
• What human tissue
are similar to xylem
and phloem?
17
• Moss doesn’t have xylem or phloem.
Why can’t moss get tall?
• Materials can move to all parts of the
body, do not have to be small
organisms anymore.
17
• Moving materials around an organism
is transportation. What process would
move things if there is no specific
system?
• diffusion
What is the purpose of the
stem?
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• How would a large tree get water to its
leaves? What is it having to deal with?
• Moves up xylem; gravity; water moves
in a continuous flow with each
molecule attached to the next; process
of transpiration releases water from the
leaves (stomata) and that pulls water
up the xylem from roots
What is a nonvascular plant?
• No vascular
tissue
• Can not store
or transport
water
• Short
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• 20. What are the types of tubes that
vertebrates use to transport materials? What
is the difference in the direction they flow,
and what they carry? What is the advantage
of having differences?
• Vascular tissue—arteries, veins, and
capillaries. Arteries carry blood with oxygen
away from heart; veins-carry blood with
carbon dioxide back to heart; capillaries are
thin so that materials can diffuse to and from
the cells
• Arteries carry blood
away from the hear
• Veins carry blood to
the heart.
• Capillaries are tiny
vessels that between
veins and arteries that
feed oxygen to the
body.
• In closed circulatory system, blood can be
diverted directly to organs. In open
circulatory system, blood baths organs.
. What is the
advantage of closed
circulatory system
over an open
circulatory system?
• Closed-blood never
leaves the tubes;
blood is directed in
a specific way;
open- blood bathes
organs and has to
drain back into the
tubes.
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Heart chambers:
Fish 2,
Amphibians 3
Reptiles 3 ½
Bird 4
Mammals 4
Increased efficiency of
blood flow, the more
gravity, the harder the
heart has to pump.
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• All heterotrophic
protists and bacteria
and some animals
digest at the cellular
level. What process
will they have to use
to move food in and
wastes out of their
cells?
DIFFUSION
ENDOCYTOSIS
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The members of
Phylum Chordata
all have similar
digestive systems.
Trace the path of
food below.
• Mouth A, esophagus,
stomach B, small
intestines D, Large
intestines F, anus E
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– Where does digestion (breaking down of
food) take place? Mouth, stomach, sm
intestines
– Where does absorption of needed
molecules take place? Sm intestines, lg
intestines
– What organs help make enzymes that
break down food? liver, pancreas, gall
bladder, salivary glands
• Animals get rid of cellular wastes
either at a cellular level or with kidneys
or nephridia. What is the advantage of
having an organ that cleans wastes?
• It is dividing up the work and saving
energy
10
•
Small intestines
are long, with lots
of finger-like
extensions called
villi inside. What is
the reason for this
adaptation?
• Increases surface area
to absorb more food
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Decomposer
• absorb-chemicals break
down the food outside
of the body and then
nutrients are
absorbed(fungi and
bacterial decomposers
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• . Why is it easier to move in water than
on land? What major factor must be
dealt with on land?
• Water supports most of your mass
(buoyancy)
• gravity
29
• . Insects have an exoskeleton and
vertebrates have an endoskeleton.
What is the difference and what is the
adaptive advantage of each?
• Exo-external, hard protection; Endointernal, some protection, but does
grow with you
Eyespot
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• What are three methods that some bacteria
and protists use to move around? Draw
each.
• Flagella, pseudopodia, cilia
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• What two types of tissue allow animals
to move? How do they work together?
• Muscles and nervous; nervous sends
messages to the muscles to contract to
move the body
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• What is the benefit of movement? How
would a plant compensate since it
cannot move?
• Able to find mates or food, move if
climate changes; seeds and pollen can
travel using other methods, growth
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• What is the adaptive advantage of
camouflage? Name three organisms
and what they blend with.
• Hiding from predators or prey by
blending in;
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• How do some animals move materials
through their bodies? What are they
having to deal with?
• Hearts pump blood against gravity