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Levels of Cellular
Organization

6th Science
 2013
Unicellular vs. Multicellular

Unicellular: One celled organism. They must
perform all activities within one cell. NO TISSUES,
ORGANS, OR SYSTEMS!!
Multi-cellular Organisms

Multi-cellular – Organisms made of more than one
cell. The cells work together to make tissues,
organs, and organ systems.
Unicellular vs. Multicellular
Similar
1. Carry on all 7 characteristics of life.
2. Have the same MAIN cell parts as multi-cellular
organisms. Mitochondria, vacuole, ER, nucleus,
ribosomes, chloroplast, golgi bodies, etc. Except nucleus
in Arachebacteria and Eubacteria
Different
1. Cells in multi-cellular organisms have a specific job.
Unicellular organism must carry on all 7 characteristics
of life in one cell.
2. Multi-cellular organisms have tissues, organs, and organ
systems. Unicellular organisms DO NOT.
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
-Cells work together to form tissues
Cardiac cells
Bone cells
Muscle tissue
epithelial tissue
Cardiac organ
Bone
Organization

Tissue- group of
similar cells working
together
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

Tissues work together to form organs
Levels of
Organization

An organ is a structure that contains at least two
different types of tissue functioning together for a
common purpose
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
-Organs work together to form organ systems
Arteries & veins
Circulatory
system
heart
bones
Cartilage &
tendons
Skeletal
system
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
-Organ systems work together to form
the whole organism
Skeletal
system
Whole
organism
Muscular
system
Circulatory
system
Levels of Organization
Cells that work together to do the same job
form tissues
•Tissues that work together to do the same job
form organs
•Organs that work together to do the same job
form systems
•Systems work together to form the whole
multi-cellular organism
•
{
4 Types of Tissues
Epithelial – SKIN!!
 Function – Covers the outside of the body
and lines the inside of your body!!
 Your skin is the largest organ in your body!

4 Types of Tissues
Connective – ligaments, cartilage, blood,
and bone
 Function –connects other tissues together;
support, protects, nourishes and insulates
organs.

Bone
Ligaments
4 Types of Tissues
Muscular – Smooth and skeletal muscles
–Makes up some organs
 Function - contracts and relaxes to allow
movements

Smooth
Skeletal
4 Types of Tissue
Nervous – nerves, brain and spinal cord
 Function – transmits messages through the
body

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Multicellular organisms Have specialized cells to
perform specific jobs
 The shape of the cell is designed for its job

Red blood
Nerve
cells
Liver
cells
Cardiac
cells
As you know, all living things are made of cells.
We have looked at two types of cells:
Typical LEAF Plant Cells
NOT – root, stem or
flower!!!!
Typical SKIN Cells –
not nervous, muscle,
bone, etc
But not all plant cells are rectangular and not all
animal cells are circular!!!!!!!!!
Form Fits Function

The shape of the cell is designed for its job
Onion skin cells
Nerve Cells
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Function – Provide gas
exchange between blood
and environment.
In Action
Cell – Smooth muscle
Tissue – Smooth muscle
Organ – Lungs & nose
Smooth MUSCLE TISSUE
Notice the Shape: Smooth
muscle cells are tube shaped to
contract smoothly TO MAKE UP
YOUR ORGANS (STOMACH,
KIDNEYS,
INTESTINES, ETC)
These are smooth
muscle cells.
Why do you think these
cells need to be able to
contract smoothly?
Digestive System
Function – Breakdown and absorb nutrients
that are necessary for cellular respiration.
VIDEO
Cell – smooth muscle
cells
Tissue – smooth muscle
tissue
Organs – stomach, liver,
gall bladder, small
intestines, large intestines
SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE
Organs where
Smooth Muscle
tissue can be found
are:
Stomach,
intestines, blood
vessels,
esophagus,
trachea, other
organs.
Organ Systems
where Smooth
MuscleTissue is
found:
Digestive System
Other organ systems directly dependent on Smooth
Muscle Tissue: Respiratory, Reproductive
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Function – carries messages back and forth between the
spinal cord and the brain and every other part of the
body. Video
ORGAN – Brain & spinal cord
TISSUE - NERVOUS
CELL: This is a nerve cell called a
neuron.
Notice the shape. It is shaped like a
wire to carry electrical messages to
and from the brain.
Nervous Cells
Nervous cells are shaped like wires to carry
electrical impulses.
NERVOUS TISSUE
Organs where nervous tissue can be found are:
Spinal cord
Neurons
Brain
Nerves
NERVOUS TISSUE
Other organ systems directly dependent on Nervous
Tissue:
Muscular
System
Circulatory
System
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Function – Circulates
blood throughout your
body which carries
important nutrition and
oxygen for your cells.
Video
Video 2
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Red Blood Cells have a space or hole in the
middle to carry oxygen. Why do organisms
need oxygen?
Red Blood Cells
White Blood

Function: Shaped like a blob to engulf foreign objects in the
blood.
Why do red and white
blood cells look
different??
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Function – Circulates blood throughout your body which
carries important nutrition and oxygen for your cells.
VIDEO
CELLS - These are red blood
cells called erythrocytes.
Notice the shape. It has a divot in the
center because it doesn’t have any
organelles so it can hold more oxygen.
It is also very flexible. Why do you
think that would be important?
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
This is a white blood
cell called a
leucocyte. VIDEO
Both these blood
cells along with
platelets make up
BLOOD. Blood is a
tissue.
Why?????
Notice the shape: White
blood cells are shaped like
blobs to gobble up bacteria
like Pac-man.
RBC
WBC
Circulatory System
Cell & TISSUE: Cardiac Muscle, RBC & WBC
These are cardiac muscle cells
in cardiac muscle tissue .
Notice the shape. Banded for
strength and quickness so your heart
can pump the blood through your
body. Why do you think these cells
need to be strong and able to
contract quickly?
CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE
Organs where Cardiac
tissue can be found are:
Organ Systems where Cardiac
Tissue is found:
Heart
ONLY
Circulatory
System
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Organ Systems where BLOOD Tissue is found:
The Circulatory System is
responsible for delivering
oxygen and food to all the cells
in the body.
Circulatory
System
Other organ systems directly dependent on Blood
Tissue:
ALL OTHER SYSTEMS
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
TISSUE – Connective, nervous, and muscular.
Organs – heart and blood vessels.
CIRCULATRY SYSTEM
Heart and blood vessels
Does blood support, protect or connect?
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Video
Video 2
SKELETAL SYSTEM
FUNCTION – Provides support for the body and
protects organs
CELL -This is a bone cell.
This big hole is where
tiny nerves run through.
Does bone
support,
protect or
connect?
Notice the shape. It has tiny holes
called pores to make the bone
lightweight but strong.

Bone cells are circular and stack on each other
to make the bone strong.
Bone Cells

Bone cells are circular and stack on each other
to make the bone strong.
Bone Cells
Muscle Cells

Muscle cells look like rubber bands that
contract when they get the impulse from
the nerve.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Other organ
systems
directly
dependent on
Bone Tissue:
Organs: Bones
Tissue: Connetcive
Bones
Skeletal
System
Muscular
System
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Cartilage and Fat are also Connective Tissues.
What do they do?
Cartilage
Protects
Fat
Protects
MUSCLE SYSTEM
Function – moves and connect your bone
Cell – Skeletal Muscle
Tissue – Skeletal Muscle
Organs – Muscles
SKELETAL MUSCLE
Notice the Shape: Skeletal
muscle cells are banded
(striped) to contract quickly,
tube shaped to contract
smoothly TO MOVE YOUR
BONES!!!!!!!!
These are skeletal
muscle cells
Why do you think these cells
need to be able to contract
quickly and smoothly?
SKELETAL MUSCLE
Organs where
skeletal muscle
can be found are:
Muscles
Organ Systems
where Skeletal
muscle is found:
Muscular
System
Other organ systems directly dependent on
Cardiac Muscle Tissue: SKELETAL SYSTEM
Smooth MUSCLE TISSUE
Notice the Shape: Smooth
muscle cells are tube shaped to
contract smoothly TO MAKE UP
YOUR ORGANS (STOMACH,
KIDNEYS,
INTESTINES, ETC)
These are smooth
muscle cells..
Why do you think these cells
need to be able to contract
smoothly?
SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE
Organs where
Smooth Muscle
tissue can be
found are:
Stomach,
intestines,
blood vessels,
esophagus,
trachea, other
organs.
Organ Systems
where Smooth
MuscleTissue is
found:
Digestive System
Other organ systems directly dependent on
Smooth Muscle Tissue: Respiratory,
Reproductive
Skin

Function : Flat to stack on each other and protect the body.
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Function – forms a protective layer for outside
of the body (skin) and lines hollow spaces (mouth,
ear, nose, etc.) and organs.
This is a epithelial
(skin) cell. Draw it
into your notes.
Notice the shape. It
is thin and flat to fit
together like tiles on a
floor to shield the
cells underneath.
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Organs where epithelial tissue can be found are:
Stomach lining
Mouth lining
Lining of the intestines and blood vessels
MOST IMPORTANTLY IT MAKES UP THE ORGAN SKIN. THE
ORGAN SYSTEM IS SKIN.
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Organ Systems where Epithelial Tissue is found:
Other organ systems directly dependent on
Epithelial Tissue:
Digesti
Circulatory
PLANT TISSUES
Plants are also made up of cells. These cells
form tissues and organs just like animals.
There are three basic
organs in any plant.
These organs are the
roots, the stem and the
leaves. Each one is made
up of tissues that perform
different functions to
keep the plant alive.
Leaf

Function : Hard brick to stack on each other and make the
plant stand up. The vacuole pushes against the cell wall.
PLANT TISSUES AND ORGANS
Stems – support the
above ground parts of the
plant. Transports food
and water between the
leaves and the roots.
Stems help the other two types of plant
organs by holding the leaves up so they can
receive maximum sunlight. Stems also
transport water from the roots to the leaves
and transport food from the leaves to the
roots.
PLANT TISSUES AND ORGANS
Stems are made up of two (2) types of tissue:
xylem and phloem
These are xylem cells.
Draw them into your
notes.
Notice their shape.
Xylem cells are
shaped like tubes to
carry water and
minerals in an upward
direction from the
rootsand
to the leaves.
FUNCTION: Carry water
Minerals to rest of plant.
PLANT TISSUES AND ORGANS
Stems are made up of two (2) types of tissue:
xylem and phloem
These are phloem cells.
Draw them into your notes.
Notice their shape.
Cells are shaped like
straws to carry food
made in the leaves all
over the plant.
FUNCTION: Carries
food to rest of plant
from the leaves.
PLANT TISSUES AND ORGANS
ROOTS
FUNCTION– absorb water and minerals from
the soil, anchor the plant and store food made
in the leaves.
Roots provide stems and leaves with water and
minerals. Roots absorb the water and
minerals from the soil
PLANT TISSUES AND ORGANS
Roots are also made up of two (2) types of
tissue: xylem and phloem
This is a root in cross
section. Draw it into
your notes.
Root in Cross Section
Xylem are the cells
in the middle.
Phloem are the cells
around the outside.
Xylem and Phloem
have the same
function in the root.
PLANT TISSUES AND ORGAN
LEAVES
FUNCTION: Leaves trap light and make food
for the plant through the process of
photosynthesis.
This is a
leaf cell.
Draw them
into your
notes.
Notice the Shape: Leaf cells are rectangular
for strength. They are also thin and flat to
expose the chloroplasts to sunlight.
PLANT TISSUES AND ORGANS
Leaves trap light and make food for the plant
through the process of photosynthesis.
Mesophyll – the middle
layer where
photosynthesis takes
place.
Cuticle – waxy layer,
prevents water loss.
This is a leaf in
cross section.
Skeletal System
Function: Provides shape and support,
protects organs, and produces red
blood cells.
Organ: Bone
Tissue: Connective
Cell: Bone Cell
Muscular System
Function: Contracts and allows the
body to move
Organ: Muscle
Tissue: Muscle
Cell: Smooth Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, and S
Circulatory System
Function: Delivers food and oxygen to
the body cell and carries carbon
dioxide out.
Organs: Heart, veins, and arteries
Tissue: muscle and nerve
Cell: red blood cell and white blood cell
Digestive System
Function: Breaks down food for our body
to use for energy
Organs; Stomach, Small Intestines, Large
Intestines, gall bladder,
pancreas
Tissue: smooth muscle
Cell: smooth muscle cell
Skeletal System
Function: Provides shape and support,
protects organs, and produces red
blood cells.
Organ: Bone
Tissue: Connective
Cell: Bone Cell
Muscular System
Function: Contracts and allows the
body to move
Organ: Muscle
Tissue: Muscle
Cell: Smooth Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, and S
Circulatory System
Function: Delivers food and oxygen to
the body cell and carries carbon
dioxide out.
Organs: Heart, veins, and arteries
Tissue: muscle and nerve
Cell: red blood cell and white blood cell
Skin
Function: Protects the body and
your organs
Organ: Skin
Tissue: Epitheleal
Cell: Skin
Endocrine System
Function: Regulates varies body
functions(hormones)
Organs: hypothalmous
Tissue: smooth muscle
Cell: smooth muscle
Excretory System
Functions: Removes liquid and solid
wastes from the body
Organs: kidney, colon, spleen
Tissue: smooth muscle
Cell: smooth muscle
Reproductive System
Function: Produces male and females
sex cells
Organs: testes and ovaries
Tissues: smooth muscle
Cell: smooth muscle cells