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Animal & Human Tissues and Organ Systems The Multicellular Body Information downloaded off of the internet on 3-17-06 and modified from: http://www2.una.edu/ekbruce/BI%20102%20Lecture/ch2 0%20lecture.ppt http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey= 10360 Stem Cells Cells that have the capacity to give rise to many cell types Some in adult tissues But more cells with greater potential in embryos Some object to the use of cells derived from human embryos Impacts, Issues Homeostasis Stable operating conditions in the internal environment Brought about by coordinated activities of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems Tissue A group of cells and intercellular substances that interact in one or more tasks Four types Epithelial tissue Muscle tissue Connective tissue Nervous tissue Organs Group of tissues organized to perform a task or tasks Heart is an organ that pumps blood through body Heart consists of muscle tissue, nervous tissue, connective tissue, and epithelial tissue Organ Systems Organs interact physically, chemically, or both to perform a common task Circulatory system includes the heart, the arteries, and other vessels that transport blood through the body Epithelial Tissue Lines the body’s surface, cavities, ducts, and tubes One free surface faces a body fluid or the environment basement membrane simple squamous epithelium connective tissue Epithelial Tissue – 3 types Squamous – flat cells Cuboidal – cube-shaped cells Columnar – pillar or column-shaped cells 310887 Credit: © Carolina Biological/Visuals Unlimited Simple Squamous Epithelium. LM X75. 301193 Credit: © G.W. Willis, MD/Visuals Unlimited Stratified squamous epithelium from mouth mucosa. H&E stain. LM X100. 316434 Credit: © Carolina Biological/Visuals Unlimited Human kidney tubule section showing cuboidal epithelium. LM X360. 164740 Credit: © G.W. Willis, MD/Visuals Unlimited Human pseudostratified columnar epithelium lining the bronchus of the lung. H&E stain. X180. 310845 Credit: © Carolina Biological/Visuals Unlimited Simple columnar epithelium. LM X140. Glands Secretory organs derived from epithelium Exocrine glands have ducts or tubes - Secrete products into cavities Endocrine glands are ductless - Secrete products directly into bloodstream Cell Junctions Tight junctions prevent leaks Gap junctions connect abutting cytoplasms Adhering junctions cement cells together Tight Adhering Gap junctions junction junctions Connective Tissue Most abundant tissue in the body Cells are scattered in an extracellular matrix Matrix is collagen and/or elastin fibers in a polysaccharide ground substance Types of Connective Tissue Loose connective tissue Dense, irregular connective tissue Dense, regular connective tissue Cartilage Bone Adipose tissue Blood Loose Connective Tissue Contain fibers and fibroblasts Fibroblasts produce and secrete the fibers Loosely arranged in a semifluid substance Acts as the framework for epithelium Allows organs to expand Dense, Irregular Connective Tissue Contains fibroblasts and collagen fibers Occurs in skin and forms tough capsules around organs Dense, Regular Connective Tissue Contains rows of fibroblasts in between parallel bundles of fibers Tendons attach muscle to bone Ligaments attach bone to bone Contains elastic fibers that allow movement at joints loose connective tissue dense, irregular connective tissue dense, regular connective tissue 317178 Credit: © Carolina Biological/Visuals Unlimited Areolar (loose) connective tissue. LM X60. 98964 Credit: © Dr. David Phillips/Visuals Unlimited Collagen or dense connective tissue. X155. Cartilage Cells are called chondrocytes Cells lie in small chambers called lacunae, separated by a matrix Also called hyaline cartilage 98769 Credit: © Dr. Fred Hossler/Visuals Unlimited Hyaline cartilage. X64. Bone Cells are called osteocytes Cells are located in chambers called lacunae arranged in concentric circles Also called compact bone 319245 Credit: © Carolina Biological/Visuals Unlimited Bone section showing osteocytes in lacunae arranged in concentric circles surrounding Haversian canals. LM X75. Adipose Another name for fat Insulates the body and provides padding Cells sometimes referred to as “ghost cells” 164732 Credit: © G.W. Willis, MD/Visuals Unlimited Human unilocular (white) fat and adipose (adult fat). H&E stain. LM X100. In-text Figure Page 346 Blood Blood transports nutrients and oxygen to cells and removes carbon dioxide and other wastes Blood cells are separated by plasma Types – red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets 97962 Credit: © Dr. Gopal Murti/Visuals Unlimited Human blood smear showing red and white blood cells. Figure 20.3g Page 346 cartilage bone tissue adipose tissue Muscle Tissue Composed of cells that contract when stimulated Helps move the body and specific body parts Skeletal, cardiac, smooth Figure 20.4 Page 347 Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle Skeletal Muscle Located in muscles that attach to bones Long, cylindrical cells are striated Cells are bundled closely together in parallel arrays Smooth Muscle Located in walls of many internal organs and some blood vessels Cells are not striped and taper at the ends Cardiac Muscle Present only in the heart Cells are striated and branching Ends of cells are joined by communication junctions Nervous Tissue Detects stimuli, integrates information, and relays commands for response Consists of excitable neurons and supporting neuroglial cells Figure 20.5 Page 347 98121 Credit: © BBC Microimaging/Visuals Unlimited Neurons (nerve cells) are specialized cells that conduct nerve impulses. The impulses are then relayed through a long process called the axon. LM. Neurons Excitable cells When stimulated, an electrical impulse travels along the plasma membrane Arrival of the impulse at the neuron endings triggers events that stimulate or inhibit adjacent neurons or other cells Neuroglia Neuroglial cells constitute more than half of the nervous tissue Protect and support the neurons, both structurally and metabolically Major Organ Systems Integumentary Muscular Skeletal Nervous Endocrine Digestive Lymphatic Respiratory Urinary Circulatory Reproductive Integumentary System Muscular System Skeletal System Nervous System Endocrine System Circulatory System Lymphatic System Respiratory System Digestive System Urinary System Reproduction System Major Body Cavities Cranial cavity Spinal cavity Thoracic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Figure 20.6 Page 348 Planes of Symmetry frontal plane (aqua) transverse plane (yellow) midsagittal plane (green) DORSAL SURFACE transverse midsagittal ANTERIOR POSTERIOR frontal VENTRAL SURFACE Primary Tissues In vertebrate embryos, cells become arranged to form three primary tissues: Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm These give rise to all adult tissues Skin: An Organ System Outermost epidermis is stratified epithelium Underlying dermis is mainly dense connective tissues Hypodermis consists of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue Functions of Human Skin Protects the body from injury, dehydration, UV radiation, and some pathogens Helps control temperature Receives some external stimuli Involved in production of vitamin D In-text Figure Page 350 Lab grown epidermis Sunlight Damages Skin UV light stimulates melanin production in skin; produces a tan Tan is the body’s way of protecting itself against UV Prolonged sun exposure causes elastin fibers to clump, skin to age prematurely, can lead to skin cancer Figure 20.9 Page 351 Figure 20.10 Page 351 Sunlight causes skin ulcers in a person with porphyria Porphyria: A diverse group of diseases in which the production of heme is disrupted. Porphyria is derived from the Greek word "porphyra", which means purple. When heme production is faulty, porphyrins are overproduced and lend a reddish-purple color to urine. All forms of porphyrias are inherited. The key clinical features are skin sensitivity to sunlight and/or by intermittent acute attacks of abdominal and nerve pain.