Download Biology B3

Water moves from the roots to
E.g. Eat Quorn (mycoprotein) and Stopping over fishing
(conserve stocks, change fishing
methods, set catch quotas)
water and minerals a plant will need.
Grow your
mycroprotein
– Fungus Fusarium
Aerobic respiration
Waxy cuticle – water and gas proof.
Stops too much water loss.
(only one cell between blood and air in lungs)
•Good blood supply
Short food chains are
better then long ones!
Energy and biomass is
own lost at every stage.
Using a fermenter
by root hair cells) as they absorb most of the
Reduce food miles (how far food travels) •Large surface area
= Less fuel used and less pollution •Short diffusion pathway
(to take absorbed products of digestion – using
diffusion and active transport to get it from the
intestine to the blood)
Energy lost as movement
Energy lost as heat
It’s a living thing!
Keeps
everything
evenly
mixed
Lots of chloroplast for
photosynthesis.
The way we use the earth
resources can have long
and short term effects on
the environment
Poor cows and chickens 
Data we use to make conclusions about the
Intensive Farming:
environment must be checked to ensure it is valid (has
Stop
energy loss by
been collected correctly), is reproducible (similar
limiting movement
experiments can be done to check the results).
(keep in small enclosed space)
This is much easier said then done!
Grow in sugar
syrup
Adaptations for gaseous
exchange (in your lungs)
Thorax
If more water is lost then can
be replaced the plant will
WILT.
Leaves are thin and flat giving them a large surface
area for diffusion of gases (CO2 in and oxygen out).
Guard cells around stomata can open and close to
let CO2 in but stop too much water being lost!
OK sometimes its placed in the
trachea
Artificial breathing
Positive pressure – pushing the air in.
Benefits: Not invasive (just a mask),
can aid the paralysed for years
and can be used during surgery.
Can be used at home!
Negative pressure – a vacuum is created outside
the body moving the chest up and causing air to be
drawn in.
The Iron Lung
Benefits: Will keep you alive.
Drawbacks: Very restricting and
out dated. Must stay in hospital.
(not really used anymore)
•Large surface area
•Short diffusion pathway
Ribs
All your chest space
Water leaves
leaf by
evaporation
and keeping animals
warm (keeping them inside).
Is this ethically OK?
Monitor pH and
temperature careful
Trachea (windpipe)
CO2 enters
leaf by
diffusion
Villi/villus Creased up
surface of
intestine for
really large
surface area.
(protect your lungs)
Energy Drinks - For
when your DEHYDRATED
Contain: Water, sugar and
mineral ions.
Water – to rehydrate
Sugar – for energy
Minerals – to replace those lost
during sweating.
(only one cell between blood and air in lungs)
•Steep concentration gradient.
Remember: a substance will move from where
there's a lot to where there's a little.
This is helped with good blood
supply and Breathing (to take absorbed
oxygen away-bring CO2 to lungs / to replace
the oxygen as its absorbed and remove CO2)
Osmosis
Diaphragm
Breathing in (inhalation)
Active Transport
Diaphragm contracts flattens
Intercostal muscles (Muscles around the ribs)
contract – moving ribs up and out
This is when some thing
moves against the
concentration gradient.
Low to High!
Volume of lungs increases – air moves in
WATER diffusing from where it is a lot
of it to where there is less of it.
Water moved up a plant stem
from cell to cell by osmosis.
Lots of water keeps the cell rigid.
Breathing in (exhalation)
Diaphragm relaxes coming up
Intercostal muscles (Muscles around the ribs)
relax – moving ribs down and in
Volume of lungs decreases – air moves
out
It needs energy to happen!
But means ions can be
absorbed from soil and sugars
and salts can move into cells.
Water moves in and out of
cell depending on the
concentration of the
solution surrounding them.
Through a partially
permeable membrane.
Remember: A concentrated substance
actually contains less water.
Transport in Plants
The phloem
the leaves, up the xylem via the
The xylem
transports
TRANSPIRATION STREAM
transports
water
dissolved
and
minerals
up
the
sugars to the
plant from roots to
rest of the
leaves.
plant from the
leaves. Roots also have a large surface area (provided
Biogas (mainly methane)
– gas you can burn for energy
It’s uses living
bacteria so
needs food and
warmth
Organic waste
including
carbohydrates
Comes in family and city size!
Biofuels
Coronary arteries supply the heart with blood – blockages can lead to heart attack!
- Fuels made by using yeast or bacteria
to ferment organic material
Your Heart – The Pump!
(keeping your blood moving)
Vena cava
Pulmonary
The ethanol is then
distilled out to use in cars.
Anaerobic
decay =
no oxygen
Pulmonary
(that’s your
right not my
right)
CO2 absorbed in
photosynthesis is equal to
CO2 released during
burning. No extra CO2 is
added to the atmosphere.
Pesticides (to kill pests) and Herbicides (to kill weeds) can pollute land. They can
also enter food chains and dangerous levels of toxins build up on top producers.
Veins go away from your heart
Remember: You have a
double circulatory system.
Blood goes through your
heart twice during one circuit.
Don’t forget!
Cows and rice fields
have increased the
levels of methane
(a greenhouse gas).
(as ice caps melt)
•Changes in migration
and distribution of
organisms.
The air becomes polluted as
un-burnt fuels are released
causing global dimming.
The Main Three Blood Vessels
Fixing leaky valves
The removal and destruction of
woods and forests…
• Increase CO2
• Reduces CO2
removed by
photosynthesis
Also reduces biodiversity! – the variety of different
organisms in an area.
Destroying habitats for farming and
quarrying.
Ecology
into rivers and lakes polluting it.
Recent years have seen
massive population growth
More food and better healthcare
Fertilisers, chemicals and untreated waste
Stents can open up narrow
or blocked arteries.
Under high pressure valves can
become damage allowing blood
to flow backwards.
(as wood is burnt and decays)
Eutrophication – Fertilisers are washed
Arteries go toward your heart
We can replace valves with
biological animals valves but
these only last about 15 years.
Deforestation:
Sulphur dioxide and
nitrogen oxide pollution
from factories forms acid
rain. This damages tress and
makes lakes to acidic for life.
Blockages in blood vessels can
stop oxygen reaching the heart.
This can happen due to age or a
bad diet.
Step 1: Find a doctor!
Step 2: Get a STENT!
The blood coming from
the lungs and going to
the body is oxygenated.
Increasing amounts of greenhouse gases make it harder for the heat
to escape the atmosphere. Increasing the temperature of the planet.
This could lead to:
•Changes in weather
and flooding
•Rising in sea levels
How to remove a
blockage…
Capillaries link arteries and veins.
The have thin walls so oxygen and glucose
can diffuse out to cells and waste and CO2
can diffuse back from cells.
Blood plasma (liquid)
carries dissolved food,
CO2 and urea.
White Blood cells
Help defend the body
against disease
Red Blood cells
carry oxygen
Platelets help with
clotting (think scabs)
Remember: Red blood cells are biconcave
discs giving them a bigger surface area and
have no nucleus to fit in more haemoglobin.
This lets them carry more oxygen as
oxyhaemoglobin.
Or
Use Mechanical valves made
form plastics and metals but you
will need lifelong medicine to
stop blood clotting problems.
Artificial Hearts
Sometimes the heart is so damaged
it needs replacing.
This can mean waiting for a heart
donor.
We can use temporary heart
replacements but have nothing
permanent so far.
Advantages: You don’t Disadvantages: They're big!
have to wait for a donor
Blood clotting problems
and there is no chance of
mean lifelong drugs,
organ rejection.
normally mean staying in
hospital and they’re
THEY KEEP YOU ALIVE!!!
If you suffer blood loss you will need a transfusion – Real blood needs to be matched from donors.
expensive.
Artificial Blood: Plasma & Saline, PFCs and Haemoglobin-based products Advantages: Readily available, doesn’t have to be stored in a fridge, will work with any blood type.
Disadvantages: Expensive! Doesn’t carry oxygen as well as real blood, doesn’t always mix with real blood, is broken down quickly by the body and can cause side effects.
Things that
unbalance your
bodies internal
environment: Movement
Carbon dioxide is produced when your cells
respire. A build up would be dangerous so CO2 is
removed by your lungs when you breath out.
When its cold!
Blood vessels contract
When its hot!
so heat can isn't lost by
When we sweat and pee our bodies lose water Blood vessels dilate so
radiation.
heat can be lost by
and ions. These need to be replaced so water
You don’t sweat so
radiation.
doesn’t move in or out of cells (by osmosis) and
heat can’t be lost by
You
sweat
so heat can
damage them.
evaporation.
be lost by evaporation.
It also helps us regulate temperature.
Hairs
on the skin
(sweating is less effective in
Excess protein (amino acids) is broken down by the liver.
Why
bother?
become
erect to trap
humid conditions)
Kidneys
If you get too hot your
air
for
insulation.
Hairs
on
the
skin
also
Making
Making sure you
enzymes will denature and (this doesn’t work well in humans)
This
creates
UREA
which
passes
into
the
blood.
have enough water
lie
flat.
Urine
stop working.
You shiver which
(urea is poisonous)
and getting rid of
Too cold and they will work
Selective
the waste.
means
your muscles
too slowly.
Reabsorption
are
contracting
and
The kidneys filter out the urea and some water and salts.
Healthy kidneys:
relaxing. This required
respiration that
Filter your blood (removing stuff)
This creates URINE which is stored in the bladder.
Type
2
Diabetes
produces heat.
And then reabsorb
Type
1
Diabetes
Cells
stop
• ALL of the glucose
Server temperatures can
- Blood glucose can get
responding to insulin
lead to really problems.
• Some of the water and ions
fatally high as no insulin is
even when the
Very cold conditions can
(depending on what’s needed)
released by the pancreas.
cause hypothermia where
pancreas is making it.
•None of the urea
The pancreas
the core body temperature
Before
meals
insulin
is
Eating
a
healthy
diet
(remember we want to get rid of this – as
monitors the
has fallen below 35oC.
well as extra water and ions we don’t need)
injected so that glucose
low in carbohydrates,
amount of glucose
Very hot conditions can
can be converted to
losing weight and
lead to heat stroke. This
And if your kidneys stop working… in your blood. It
glycogen if it is not needed.
can also be caused by
exercise can help
can produce two
You need this
overheating during
High carbohydrate diets are
frequently and have to
hormones ISULIN
control
this
type.
stay in hospital while it
happens.
and GLUCAGON.
Insulin lowers
blood sugar.
Glucagon raises
blood sugar.
Removes urea
As blood passes through the dialysis
Damaged or diseases
machine waste and excess water
The recipients
kidneys can be
and ions pass through the semiimmune system might
replaced by a healthy
permeable membrane into the
try to reject the new
kidney from a donor.
dialysis fluid.
kidney.
(down the concentration gradients as there
To avoid this we
is none in the fluid to begin with)
match donors and
But
recipients as closely as
The dialysis fluid contains the same
possible.
concentration of glucose ions the
Immunosuppressant
blood should have so none moves
drugs are taken.
out of the blood by diffusion.
avoided but type 1 diabetics must
eat regularly.
There is no cure.
(other than a panaceas transplant.
Stem cells might be the answer)
Disadvantage for dialysis
Frequent long sessions in hospital
Expensive over a long time
Big effect on diet and lifestyle
Can become difficult after many years
Disadvantage for transplant
Possible rejection
Lifelong immunosuppressant drugs
Donor kidneys don’t last forever
NEVER ENOUGH KIDNEYS FOR
EVERYONE!
This tends to affect older
people.
If lifestyle changes
don’t work drugs
maybe needed.
exercise.
Congratulations!
Here’s the
instructions to make a
balloon to celebrate…