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Cellular Respiration CHAPTER 9 INTRO • Fast and slow twitch muscles What kind of runner are you? • SLOW-TWITCH • LONG DISTANCE RUNNING • for repeated long contractions • FAST-TWITCH • SPRINTING or WEIGHT LIFTING • Contract more quickly and powerfully What makes these muscle fibers so different? • SLOW TWITCH • FAST TWITCH • breaks down • breaks down glucose to glucose to get ATP get ATP AEROBICALLY ANAEROBICALLY (using oxygen) (not using oxygen) SLOW-TWITCH MUSCLES • 1. Thin fibers • 2. have many mitochondria • Many myoglobin (lots of hemoglobin in muscle fibers) FAST-TWITCH MUSCLES • Thicker fibers • Fewer mitochondria • Less myoglobin • (white meat) • Chickens use their legs (red meat) for walking and standing for large periods of time, • while their wings (white meat) are used for brief bursts of activity Video of Fast and Slow-Twitch Muscles • Teachers' Domain: The Powerhouse of the Cell Big Question for Chapter 9 • How do our cells obtain O2 for cellular respiration and dispose of CO2? • Respiratory System Respiratory System • Air intake Nose 1. mouth 2. Larynx (Voice Box) • Sound production • Protection of trachea Houses epiglottis 3. Vocal chords • Flaps that vibrate as air goes past them. • larynx video 4. Trachea Windpipe 20 rings of cartilage 5. Right Lung-shorter, broader, larger than left lung • CT Scan • X-ray Exchange air rich in CO2 with air rich in O2 6. Bronchioles • Small branches of airways in lungs Note Blood Vessel and Bronchiole and Alveoli Closeness 7. Alveoli • Grape-like clusters of air sacs that exchange with blood vessels carbon dioxide and oxygen How the Lungs Work - What Happens When You Breathe Video About.com 8. Bronchi • Large air tubes branch from trachea to lungs 9. Esophagus • Tube that connects pharynx with stomach • Glands in it produce mucus to help food slide down 10. Epiglottis • Flap to control food from going to lungs Swallowing Animation 11. Pharynx • Throat • Propels food when swallowing into esophagus 12. Left Lung • See collapse of left lung • Smaller due to being on the same side as the heart Diaphragm • Muscle at base of lungs to move air in and out of lungs • How do our bodies burn glucose for energy? • One gram of glucose when burned in the presence of oxygen releases 3811 calories of heat energy. calorie • Amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree Celsius. Calorie • Calorie = 1000 calories • = 1 kilocalorie Calories on food labels are actually kilocalories • How does the amount of energy released in glycolysis compare to burning one gram of glucose? • Small amount (around 3.5% the amount from burning) • So….. 3811 X 3.5% = • 133.4 calories Cellular Respiration • 1. Glycolysis • 2. Krebs cycle • 3. ETC and chemiosmosis Cellular Respiration • C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ~38 ATP • Glucose + oxygen --> carbon+ water +energy • dioxide In the mitochondrion Glycolysis Animation: How Glycolysis Works glucose Starts with 2 ATP Pyruvic acid Makes 4 ATP Nets: 2 ATP NAD+ • An electron carrier • Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide • Accepts electrons (H+) to form NADH ee- Electron Carrier • A.k.a. “hydrogen carrier” • Electron taxi cab (empty) NAD+ NADH (full) e- NAD+ NADH e- carrier Glycolysis is Anaerobic • Without oxygen oxygen Only catch... • NAD+ is used up in glycolysis • So a cell needs a way to regenerate it (to keep glycolysis going) How does NADH regenerate back to NAD+? • The process of fermentation. • It loses the electrons of NADH to form NAD+ again. • Remember the yeast lab? Sing or Simulate • Glucose, Glucose SONG • See Teacher Tube END OF GLYCOLYSIS • How much of the energy in glucose is still unused? • 90% Doesn’t seem very efficient, does it? Now What, Pyruvic Acid? • Fermentation • Anaerobic – no oxygen • In cytoplasm • Krebs Cycle • Aerobic – needs oxygen • In mitochondria Fermentation cheese sauerkraut bread wine OK, if you are yeast... • Making 2 ATP from glycolysis is enough Yeast Acting on Pyruvic Acid • Ethanol is released as a waste product O CO2 o o o NAD+ Alcoholic Fermentation • Pyruvic acid + NADH alcohol + CO2 + NAD+ Lactic Acid in Bacteria • Used in dairy industry to make cheese and yogurt Lactic Acid Fermentation • Pyruvic acid + NADH lactic acid + NAD+ Why must oxygen be kept out of the wine and beer vats? • If oxygen is present, the pyruvic acid will make CO2 and water. • If oxygen is not present, yeast and bacteria will make ethanol and CO2. CONTRAST • ANAEROBIC • Does not use oxygen • In the cytoplasm EX: Glycolysis Fermentation • AEROBIC • Uses oxygen • In the mitochondrion • EX: Krebs cycle ETC and chemiosmosis #3 CONTRAST • Respiration • Really mean breathing • Means of getting oxygen into body and carbon dioxide out • Cellular Respiration • energy-releasing pathway within the cell (mitochondrion) #4 Pyruvic Acid (Pyruvate) In order to further break down pyruvic acid we need oxygen. Cytoplasm CO2 2 CO2 2 34 #5 Mitochondrion • Organelle that can use oxygen for cellular respiration. “Grooming” Pyruvic Acid Haircut and Conditioning “HAIRCUT” “CONDITIONING” #7 Coenzyme A (from B As NADH is vitamin) joins the 2-c reduced to NAD+ fragment pyruvic acid is oxidized (carbon atom removed as CO2) #6 MAKES-Acetyl Coenzyme A or CoA Cut, Groom and Krebs Cycle Animation • • krebstca animation Ready to GO • The Acetyl-CoA is now ready to enter the Krebs cycle Hans Krebs (1900-1981) Yeah, he got a Nobel Prize, too #4- #8 Krebs Cycle • Also known as “citric acid cycle” #9 Cellular Respiration • Respiration animation • Cellular respiration CONTRAST • AEROBIC • Does use oxygen Glycolysis Fermentation • ANAEROBIC • Does not oxygen • In the mitochondrion • Krebs cycle • ETC and chemiosmosis ATP Synthase • VCAC: Cellular Processes: ATP Synthase: The Movie (Cool) Where does it all come from? •1 NADH = 3 ATP •1 FADH2 = 2 ATP Chemiosmosis Powers Most of ATP Produced • Glycolysis -2 ATP • Krebs Cycle - 2 ATP • Chemiosmosis/ ETC - 34 ATP • TOTAL 38 ATP from one glucose molecule ETC • Electron Transport Chain • VCAC: Cellular Processes: Electron Transport Chain • Or krebstca Where is the ETC located? • Inner membrane of the mitochondrion What gets made via the ETC? • 1. electrons + H+ + Oxygen = water • 2. H+ ions go across the inner membrane and build up in the inner membrane space • H+ ions go through ATP synthase to generate ATP e- e- eeATP ADP + P ATP SYNTHASE • H+ ions move through this enzyme to generate energy for P to join ADP to make ADP Chemiosmosis and ETC • H+ ions can only pass through a special port ATP synthase (see knobs on cristae) ETC Animation • Krebstca (clear, nice animation) • Electron transport system (very simple) • VCAC: Cellular Processes: Electron Transport Chain click on THE MOVIE) • ETC (nice from McGraw Hill) ATP GRAND TOTALS • Glycolysis produces 2 ATP • Krebs cycle produces 2 ATP • ETC and chemiosmosis produces 34 ATP GRAND TOTAL 38 ATP from one glucose molecule CONTRAST CHART • Photosynthesis • Makes sugars for food energy • Chloroplast • React: CO2 and H2O • Prod: C6H12O6 and O2 • EQUATION: 6 CO2 and 6 H2O 6 O2 + C6H12O6 • Cellular Respiration • Energy released • • • • • Mitochondrion C6H12O6 and O2 CO2 and H2O EQUATION: 6 O2 + C6H12O6 6 CO2 and 6 H2O