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9 The Respiratory System Lesson 9.1: Functions and Anatomy of the Respiratory System Lesson 9.2: Respiration: Mechanics and Control Lesson 9.3: Respiratory Disorders and Diseases Chapter 9: The Respiratory System Lesson 9.1 Functions and Anatomy of the Respiratory System Function of the Respiratory System • Gas exchange – provides a constant supply of oxygen – eliminates carbon dioxide • Cardiopulmonary system – respiratory system and cardiovascular system work collaboratively to conduct gas exchange © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Function of the Upper Respiratory System • • • • • • Filter and remove foreign particles from inhaled air Humidify and control the temp. of the inhaled air Produce sound (voice) Provide and sense of smell (olfactory sense) Aid in immune defense Conduct air to the lower respiratory tract © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Anatomy of the Respiratory System © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Anatomy of the Respiratory System • the nose – nares – 2 openings where air enters © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Nasal Cavity • nasal septum – divides the nasal cavity into left and right chambers • vestibular region – front of the nasal cavity – contain nasal hairs which trap and prevent particles from entering the nose • olfactory region – contains olfactory receptors – provide sense of smell • respiratory cavity – lined with a mucosal membrane – warms the air that we breathe © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Nasal Cavity • conchae – 3 uneven scroll-like nasal bones – superior, middle, and inferior conchae – create 3 passageways so more particles can be trapped in the mucous membranes © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Nasal Cavity • palate – separates the nasal cavity from the mouth – hard palate • anterior portion supported by bone – soft palate • posterior portion composed of soft muscle and tissue – cleft palate • parts of the palate do not completely fuse together during fetal development • uvula – small mass of connective tissue hanging from the soft palate – prevents food from entering the nasal cavity © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Cleft Palate © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Sinuses • air-filled cavities that surround the nose • lined with mucous membranes • 4 sinuses – frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, maxillary • sinus infection – causes the sinuses to become swollen and filled with fluid and germs © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Sinusitis © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Pharynx • muscular passageway that transports air, food, and liquids from the nasal and oral cavities to the trachea and esophagus • part of both the digestive and respiratory system • composed of nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx • nasopharynx transports air • oropharynx and laryngopharynx transport air, food, and liquid © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Pharynx • tonsils – pharyngeal tonsil – located in the upper part of the nasopharynx – palatine and lingual tonsils – located in the upper portion of oropharynx – bacteria and other pathogens become trapped in the tonsils – line of defense © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Larynx • • • • • voice box located inferior to the pharynx transports air and food to the proper passageways composed of 8 cartilaginous plates largest cartilaginous plate, thyroid cartilage, is the Adam’s apple • epiglottis – flap of cartilaginous tissue – as food or liquid is swallowed, the epiglottis covers the pharynx preventing the food and liquid from entering the trachea • vocal cords – a pair of folds that vibrate to produce sound • glottis – space between the vocal cords © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Larynx © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Trachea • windpipe • extends from the end of the larynx to the 5th thoracic vertebra • walls are lined with a mucous membrane containing ciliated epithelium • c-shaped rings – anterior side contains rigid cartilage that provides support – posterior side doesn’t contain cartilage and provides flexibility © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Upper Respiratory Tract © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Bronchi • primary bronchi – extends from the bottom of the trachea to the left and right lungs – wider and shorter bronchus on the right also hangs more vertically • secondary and tertiary bronchi – branch out from the primary bronchi • bronchioles – branch out from the tertiary bronchi © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Alveoli • • • • • grape-like clusters at the ends of bronchioles air-filled sacs main site of gas exchange in the lungs walls are composed of thin squamous epithelial cells surfactant – phospholipid that coats the walls – reduces surface tension in the alveoli and prevents them from collapsing • macrophages – bacteria ingesting cells inside alveoli • pores of Kohn – small opening in the alveolar wall that allow gases and macrophages to pass Lungs © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Alveolar Capillary Membrane • made up of alveoli and surrounding capillaries • allows oxygen to diffuse from the alveoli to the capillaries • allows carbon dioxide to be transported from the blood into the alveolar sac • gas exchange occurs rapidly because: – large surface area of lungs – alveolar capillary membrane is very thin – gas exchange occurs by diffusion © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Lungs • mediastinum – central area of the thoracic cavity between the lungs • apex – upper part of lung • base – lower part of lung that rests on the diaphragm • right lung has 3 lobes – superior, middle, and inferior lobes • left lung has 2 lobes – superior and inferior lobes © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Lungs • pleural sac – composed of 2 slippery serous membranes • parietal pleura – lines the thoracic wall and diaphragm • visceral pleura – covers lungs © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Review and Assessment Match these words with 1–4 below: surfactant, apex, epiglottis, conchae. 1. lungs 2. larynx 3. nasal cavity 4. alveoli © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Chapter 9: The Respiratory System Lesson 9.2 Respiration: Mechanics and Control Respiration • also known as breathing • air always moves from a higher pressure area to a lower pressure area © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Respiration • four key tasks involved in respiration – pulmonary ventilation • air is moved continuously into and out of the lungs – external respiration • oxygen from outside the body fills the lungs and alveoli • allows gas exchange between the alveoli and pulmonary blood – respiratory gas transport • oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood to and from different body tissues – internal respiration • gas exchange occurs between the tissues and capillaries © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Respiration • Boyle’s law – as the volume of a gas increases, the pressure of the gas decreases – at rest, both atmospheric (outside of body) and intrapulmonary (inside lung) are 760 mmHg – for air to be pulled into the lungs, intrapulmonary pressure must be less than the atmospheric pressure – when air is expelled from the lungs, intrapulmonary pressure must be greater than the atmospheric pressure Boyle's Law © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Respiration • inspiration (inhalation) – diaphragm contracts and flattens – intercostal muscles contract – thoracic cavity expands creating a vacuum and pulling air into the lungs – pressure inside the lungs is less than the atmospheric pressure • expiration (exhalation) – diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax – thoracic cavity shrinks pushing air out of the lungs – pressure inside the lungs is greater than the atmospheric pressure © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Respiration © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Nonrespiratory Air Maneuvers © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Control of Breathing • average respiration rate for adults at rest = 12-15 breaths per minute Factors affecting the respiration rate: • gender – females have smaller lung capacities and therefore, greater respiratory rates • infants have greater smaller lung capacities and greater respiratory rates (40-60 breaths per minute) • postural position – standing almost doubles respiratory rate compared to a reclined position • exercise © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Control of Breathing • neural factors – medulla oblongata • sets the normal breathing pace – pons • fine-tunes respiratory rate and depth – as the lungs fill with air, stretch receptors in the bronchioles and the alveoli trigger the Hering-Breuer reflex to prevent over inflation of the alveolar sacs • coordinates transition between inspiration and expiration © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Control of Breathing • chemical factors – central chemoreceptors • located in the respiratory centers in the brain • respond to a decrease in cerebrospinal fluid pH – indicates a high amount of CO2 in the body • increases the rate and depth to increase O2 and decrease CO2 – peripheral chemoreceptors • located in the aorta and carotid arteries • stimulate respirations in response to changes in oxygen blood levels – mechanoreceptors • located in muscles and joints • detect muscle contraction and force generation during exercise – increase ventilation © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Control of Breathing © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Lung Volume • static – measures air volume in lungs – measured by using a spirometer – may detect lung disorder or deficiency © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Lung Volume • dynamic – measures air volume in lungs based on time – measured using a flow volume meter – often assesses the ability of the lungs to forcibly expire air in one second – can detect asthma or obstructive lung disease © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Review and Assessment True or False? 1. The pons and medulla control breathing. 2. Static lung volume involves time. 3. Muscles contract in inspiration. 4. Larger gas volume, higher pressure. 5. Gas moves from low to high pressure. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Chapter 9: The Respiratory System Lesson 9.3 Respiratory Disorders and Diseases Upper Respiratory Tract Illnesses © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Upper Respiratory Tract Illnesses • avoiding URIs – cover when sneezing and coughing – wash hands – don’t touch hands to eyes, nose, mouth • Influenza – viral infection – vaccine icyimage/Shutterstock.com © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Lower Respiratory Tract Illnesses • acute bronchitis – inflammation of the mucous membranes that line the trachea and bronchial passageways – results from an ongoing viral infection such as influenza or the common cold • pneumonia – usually a viral or bacterial infection of the lungs – immune response to the virus or bacterium damages and sometimes kills the cells of the lungs – fluid builds up in the lungs, making gas exchange difficult © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Lower Respiratory Tract Illnesses • tuberculosis – highly contagious infection – most commonly attacks the lungs but can spread to other organs © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases • causes – smoking – characterized by long term airway obstruction • living with COPD – STOP SMOKING!!! – purse-lipped breathing • helps maximize breathing and ease shortness of breath • patients inhale through their nose and slowly release the air through pursed or puckered lips – no cure © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases • emphysema – chronic inflammation of the lungs that damages the alveolar ducts and sacs – damage to capillary bed – decreased lung surface area – poor gas exchange leads to hyperventilation – pink puffers • exertion from breathing causes patients to develop a pink appearance to the face © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases • chronic bronchitis – inflammation of the bronchi and mucous production obstruct airways – risk of bacterial infection – mucous production causes a decrease in respiratory rate with an increase in cardiac output • blue bloaters – face and lips turn blue due to hypoxia (lowered arterial blood oxygen content) – bloated appearance © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Asthma • asthma attack – inflamed and narrowed airways – cause bronchospasms – caused by allergens or irritants – treatment relaxes muscles to expand airways xavier gallego morel/Shutterstock.com © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Lung Cancer • more deaths from lung cancer than other cancers • non-small cell lung cancer – more common lung cancer – common in smokers – spreads slowly • small cell lung cancer – less common lung cancer – spreads quickly © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Review and Assessment Fill in the blanks with: small cell, bronchospasms, decreased lung surface area, or infection. 1. An asthma attack includes _______________. 2. A symptom of emphysema is _______________. 3. The more common lung cancer is _______________. 4. Tuberculosis is caused by _______________. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.