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Evolution of the Tetrapods Evolution of the Tetrapods The Origin of Tetrapods • The first vertebrates on land were amphibians in the _________(400 mya) • Arose from the rhipidistian (a family of lobed finned fish) (based on morhpology) or a lungfish (DNA) Origin of Tetrapods Classification • • • • Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Superclass: Gnathostomata Class: Amphibia – Order: Urodela (Salamanders) – Order: Anurans (Frogs and Toads) – Order: Apodans (Caecilians) Class: Amphibia • Two lives – refers to metamorphosis of many frogs • Skin smooth and moist (cutaneous respiration) • _____ chambered heart with a double circulation system Order: Urodela • 400 species • Salamanders • Retain their tail as adults • Limbs are at right angles to the body • Carnivorous • Most have internal fertilization using a _____________ • Axolotl paedomorphosis Order: Anurans • 3500 species • Frogs and Toads • Lose their tail as adults • Hind limbs are adapted for jumping • Tongue connected to front of mouth • Secrete mucus • __________ Fertilization Order: Apodans 150 species Caecilians Legless and blind Mostly Tropical __________ Fertilization • Usually give birth to live young. • • • • • Gas Exchange Conditions for Respiratory Surfaces • Large surface area • Thin • Moist Aquatic vs. Terrestrial • Less than ____% oxygen • Oxygen amounts decrease as the temperature increases • Aquatic animals use large amounts of energy to obtain oxygen (____%) • About _____% oxygen • Developed invaginations to increase surface area and decrease evaporation • Terrestrial animals may use only 1% 2% of its energy to obtain oxygen Gills • Found in echinoderms, mollusks, annelids, arthropods, some vertebrates • Countercurrent Gas Exchange Countercurrent Gas Exchange • Maintains gradient over the whole length of the capillaries • Extracts ____% of the oxygen from the water Tracheal Systems Diffusion Lungs • Found in invertebrates • Gas moved primarily by diffusion – may be increased by body movement • Modifications – snails - cavity with gill modified into lung – scorpions and spiders - invaginations of the abdomen Ventilation Lungs • Found in amphibians, reptiles, mammals and birds • Pharynx • Larynx • Trachea • Bronchi • Bronchioles • Alveoli Alveoli Ventilating The Lungs • _______ Pressure Breathing – pushes air down trachea – seen in frogs and other amphibians • ________ Pressure Breathing – suction created by diaphragm – seen in mammals Negative Pressure Breathing Evolution of the _________ Egg • Allows animals to complete their entire life cycle on land • Has shell that retains water (or is lost when kept inside mammals) • Specialized extraembryonic membranes (not part of the animal) The Amniotic Egg Evolution of the Amniotic Egg • Amnion - Protects from dehydration and mechanical shock • Yolk Sac - Nutrient storage • Albumin (egg white) - Nutrient storage • Allantois - stores waste, gas exchange • Chorion - gas exchange • *** Good Essay…. Amniotes How Reptiles differ from Amphibians • Tough, dry skin • Amniotic egg • Crushing or gripping jaws • Copulatory organs • More efficient circulatory system with a higher blood pressure • More developed lungs (thoracic breathing) • Better water conservation • Better body support and limbs • Better nervous system Classification • • • • Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Superclass: Gnathostomata Class: Reptilia (not real) – Class: Testudines (Turtles and Tortoises) – Class: Spenodontia (Tuataras) – Class: Squamata (Lizards and Snakes) – Class: Crocodilia (Crocodiles and Alligators) Reptile Radiation • Synapsids (therapsids) led to mammals • Sauropsids – _________ (turtles) – _________ (all others) Class: Testudines (Chelonia) • Protective Shell – Carapace (top) – Plastron (bottom) • Land and Sea Evolved on land and returned to water (lay eggs on land) Largest, Leatherback Sea Turtle (2,000 lbs!) Class: Testudines (Chelonia) • No _____ • Most move legs to breathe • TDS (low:male high:female) Class: Sphenodontia • ___________ – Two living species (New Zealand) – Not a True Lizard (no external ears, different teeth) – Very Primitive (similar to mesozoic reptiles – Well developed eye below skin? Class: Squamata • Lizards – geckos, iguanas, skinks, chameleons • terrestrial, burrowing, aquatic, arboreal • moveable eyelids (in most) • Paired copulatory organs Class: Squamata • Tongue usually not bifurcated • Lower jaw loosely connected to skull • TSD (female to male) • ______________ Class: Squamata Class: Squamata Class: Squamata Gila Monster – • One of three poisonous lizards • Protein in saliva studied to treat diabetes. Class: Squamata • Snakes • Lack limbs • Lack moveable eyelids Class: Squamata • Bifurcated tongue • _________ organ • Pit Vipers (Loreal Pits) Class: Squamata • Venom – Viperidae (Folding Fangs) • Rattlesnakes – Elapidae (Fixed Front Fangs) • Cobras, Sea Snakes, Coral Snakes – neurotoxic – hemotoxic Class: Squamata Feeding Adaptations • Teeth curved and pointed inward • Hinged __________ bone • Bones of jaw are attached by muscles and ligaments • Moveable palate • Elastic skin • No sternum • Largest living reptiles • Most closely related to dinosaurs • Complete secondary ________ • Four chambered heart (?) • Nest temperature (female/male) Class: Crocodilia Dinosaurs and Pterosaurs • Dinosaurs – – – – Ornithischian Saurischian Pterosaurs flying reptiles Animal Structure and Function (4th exam) Animal Nutrition Nutritional Requirements • Undernourished – not enough calories • Overnourished – too many calories • ____________ – missing one or more essential nutrients Essential Nutrients • • • • Essential Essential Essential Essential Amino Acids Fatty Acids Vitamins Minerals Essential Amino Acids • Found in proteins – 20 different types • 8 essential in adult humans (9 infants) • all in animal proteins • vegetarians need to eat grains and beans Histidine __________ – Essential in infants Essential Fatty Acids • Unsaturated fatty acids – used to make phospholipids for membranes Essential Vitamins • Fat Soluble – stored in fat – ___________ • Water Soluble – excreted in urine – B complex and C Essential Minerals • Inorganic nutrients – Calcium & Phosphorous • bones – Iron • anemia – Iodine • thyroid hormones – Sodium, Chlorine, & Potassium • nerve function, water regulation Food Types • Heterotrophic – – – – Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores Insectivores Feeding Adaptations • Suspension Feeders Feeding Adaptations • Substrate Feeders Feeding Adaptations • Fluid Feeders Feeding Adaptations • Bulk Feeders Intracellular Digestion • Inside cells • All animals • Exclusive in: – Protista – Porifera Extracellular Digestion • Outside cells • All animals above the sponges • Two Types – _________________ – _________________ Gastrovascular Cavity • One opening • Found in Cnidaria and Platyhelminthes Alimentary Canal • Two openings • Allows for specialization – – – – – – – – Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Crop Gizzard Stomach Intestine Anus Mammalian Digestion • Accessory Glands – – – – salivary glands pancreas liver (emulsification) gallbladder • Peristalsis • Sphincters • “Food” – bolus – acid chyme – feces Macromolecule Digestion Mouth Carbo Protein Nucleic Fat Acids Initial Stomach Initial Intestine Main Main Initial Main Initial Main Dentition and Diet • Nonmammal vertebrates • Carnivores – canines (grasping/puncturing) – incisors (tearing) – molars and premolars • (crushing and grinding) • Herbivores • Omnivores Digestive Tracts • Carnivores – ________ digestive system – small cecum • Herbivores – ________ digestive system – large cecum