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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 12 The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses Slides 12.1 – 12.22 Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Lymphatic System Consists of two semi-independent parts Lymphatic ___________ Lymphoid _______________________ Lymphatic system functions Transport fluids _________________ Play essential roles in ____________ and __________________ to disease Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.1 Lymphatic Characteristics Lymph – __________________ carried by lymphatic vessels Properties of lymphatic vessels _______________ system toward the heart __________________ Lymph moves _______________ the heart Milking action of _____________muscle ______________of smooth muscle in vessel walls Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.2 Lymphatic Vessels Lymph Capillaries Walls overlap to form flap-like minivalves Fluid leaks into lymph _____________ Capillaries are anchored to __________ tissue by filaments _________________ on the inside closes minivalves Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.3a Lymphatic Vessels Figure 12.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.3b Lymphatic Vessels Lymphatic collecting vessels Collects lymph from _______________ _____________ Carries lymph ______________ from lymph nodes Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.2 Slide 12.4a Lymph Materials returned to the blood ______________ ______________ ______________ Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.5a Lymph Harmful materials that enter lymph vessels ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.5b Lymph Nodes ________ lymph before it is returned to the blood Defense cells within lymph nodes _______________ – engulf and destroy foreign substances ________________ – provide immune response to antigens Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.6a Lymph Nodes Figure 12.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.6b Lymph Node Structure Most are kidney-shaped, less than _____ long Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.7a Other Lymphoid Organs Several organs contribute to lymphatic function __________ _____________ ____________ _____________ Figure 12.5 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.9 The Spleen Located on the ________ of the abdomen Filters blood ___________ worn out blood cells _________ blood cells in the ______ Acts as a blood _________ Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.10 The Thymus Located low in the throat, overlying the ____________ Functions at peak levels only during ___________________ Produces ______________ (like thymosin) to program lymphocytes Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.11 Tonsils Small masses of lymphoid tissue around the _____________ Trap and remove _________ and other foreign materials Tonsillitis is caused by ______________________ Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.12 Peyer’s Patches Found in the wall of the ______________________ Resemble ___________ in structure ______________________ bacteria in the intestine Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.13 Body Defenses The body is constantly in contact with ______________________________ The body has ___________ defense systems for foreign materials Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.15a Nonspecific Body Defenses Body surface coverings ____________ __________________ membranes Specialized human cells ________________ produced by the body Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.16 Surface Membrane Barriers – First Line of Defense The skin ___________barrier to foreign materials pH of the skin is _____ to inhibit bacterial growth _______ is toxic to bacteria Vaginal secretions are very ______________ Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.17a Surface Membrane Barriers – First Line of Defense Stomach mucosa Secretes _____________________ Has ____________________ enzymes Saliva and lacrimal fluid contain ________________ Mucus traps _______________ in digestive and respiratory pathways Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.17b Defensive Cells Natural killer cells Can _______________ cancer cells Can destroy _________infected cells Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.6b Slide 12.18b Inflammatory Response Second Line of Defense Triggered when body tissues are injured Produces four cardinal signs ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ Results in a chain of events leading to protection and healing Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.19 Functions of the Inflammatory Response Prevents spread of ______________ Disposes of cell __________________ Sets the stage for repair Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.20 Steps in the Inflammatory Response Figure 12.7 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.21 Antimicrobial Chemicals Interferon Secreted __________ of virus-infected cells Bind to __________cell surfaces to inhibit viruses __________. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.22c Fever ______________ high body temperature ______________ heat regulation can be reset by pyrogens (secreted by white blood cells) ______________ inhibit the release of iron and zinc from liver and spleen needed by bacteria Fever also ________________ of tissue repair Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.23 Specific Defense: The Immune System – Third Line of Defense _____________ specific – recognizes and acts against particular foreign substances ____________ – not restricted to the initial infection site _____________ – recognizes and mounts a stronger attack on previously encountered pathogens Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.24 Types of Immunity Humoral immunity Cells produce chemicals for _________ Cellular immunity Cells target ___________________ cells Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.25 Allergies Many small molecules (called haptens or incomplete antigens) _______ with our own __________ The immune system may____________ and _________ to a protein-hapten combination The immune response is harmful rather than protective because it attacks our ________________ Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.28 Cells of the Immune System Lymphocytes Originate from hemocytoblasts in the __________________ B lymphocytes become __________________ in the bone marrow T lymphocytes become immunocompetent in the _____________ Macrophages Arise from monocytes Become widely distributed in ____________ organs Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.29 Active Immunity Your B cells encounter __________ and produce ___________ Active immunity can be _______ or _________ acquired Figure 12.12 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.34 Passive Immunity Antibodies are obtained from someone else Conferred naturally from a _________ to her __________ Conferred artificially from __________ or ________________ Immunological memory does _____ occur Protection provided by “___________antibodies” Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.35 Organ Transplants and Rejection Major types of grafts ____________ – tissue transplanted from one site to another on the same person __________ – tissue grafts from an identical person (identical twin) _____________ – tissue taken from an unrelated person ___________ – tissue taken from a different animal species Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.46a Organ Transplants and Rejection __________ and ____________ are ideal donors _____________ are never successful ____________ are more successful with a closer tissue match Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.46b Disorders of Immunity: Allergies (Hypersensitivity) Abnormal, vigorous immune responses Types of allergies Immediate hypersensitivity Triggered by release of __________ from IgE binding to mast cells Reactions begin within _________________ with allergen _____________________ – dangerous, systemic response Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.47a Disorders of Immunity: Allergies (Hypersensitivity) Types of allergies (continued) Delayed hypersensitivity Triggered by the release of ___________from activated helper T cells Symptoms usually appear _______ after contact with antigen Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.47b Disorders of Immunity: Immunodeficiencies Production or function of immune cells or _______________ is abnormal May be ____________ or acquired Includes AIDS – ____________________________ Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.49 Disorders of Immunity: Autoimmune Diseases The immune system does not distinguish between ______and ____________ The body produces ___________ and sensitized T ______________ that attack its own tissues Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.50a Disorders of Immunity: Autoimmune Diseases Examples of autoimmune diseases Multiple sclerosis – _________ of brain and spinal cord are destroyed _______________ – impairs communication between nerves and skeletal muscles Juvenile diabetes – destroys __________________ that produce insulin Rheumatoid arthritis – destroys joints Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.50b Disorders of Immunity: Autoimmune Diseases Examples of autoimmune diseases (continued) Systemic _______________ (SLE) – affects kidney, heart, lung and skin Glomerulonephritis – impairment of ______________ function Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.50c Self Tolerance Breakdown ________________ lymphocyte programming Appearance of self-proteins in the circulation that have not been exposed to the immune system Eggs Sperm Eye lens Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.51a Self Tolerance Breakdown Cross-reaction of antibodies produced against foreign antigens with selfantigens ________________ fever Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.51b Developmental Aspects of the Lymphatic System and Body Defenses Except for __________________, the lymphoid organs are poorly developed before birth A newborn has _______________________ only passive immunity from the mother If lymphatics are removed or lost, severe ___________ results, but vessels grow back in time Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.52