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Pathophysiology
The Cardiovascular System
Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Composition of Blood
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Plasma - a liquid suspending other blood
components
Red blood cells - (erythrocytes) carries
oxygen to the body’s cells and carbon dioxide
away.
White blood cells - (leukocytes) fights
disease and foreign invaders and, alone, contain
cell nuclei.
Platelets – (thrombocytes) aids in blood clotting
and the repair of damaged blood vessels.
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Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Composition of Blood
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Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Composition
of Blood
A bag containing one unit
Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
of fresh frozen plasma 4
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Forensic Serology
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Serology – involves the study of body fluids and
stains at a crime scene, particularly blood.
If blood contains DNA matching:
•It could link a suspect to a scene
•It can prove a link between suspect,
victim and crime
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Cellular Components of Blood
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Discovery of Blood Types
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Discovered in 1900 by Karl Landsteiner.
Identifies the presence or absence of
particular proteins embedded in the cell.
In 1901, Landsteiner described the A and
B proteins found on red blood cells.
The Rh factor (protein) were also
identified.
An antibody reaction test is used to
identify each blood type.
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Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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A and B Proteins
42%
12%
3%
of the population in the United States
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43%
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Rh Factor
85% of the human population has a protein called
RH factor on their red blood cells.
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Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Naming of Blood Types
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A person’s blood type is based on the
presence or absence of the AB and Rh
proteins.
The presence of different blood types was
not discovered until 1901.
Wrong blood = cause clumping = death
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Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Blood Groups
Antibody Can Give
Can Get
Blood From
Type
Antigen
A
A
B
A, AB
O, A
B
B
A
B, AB
O,B
AB
A and B
Neither
A nor B
AB
A, B, O, AB
O
Neither
A nor B
A and B
A, B, O, AB
O
Blood To
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Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Antibodies
Antibodies are Yshaped proteins
secreted by
white blood cells
that attach to
antigens to
destroy them.
Antigens are foreign
molecules or cells
that react to
antibodies.
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Antigen-Antibody Response
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Foreign invader is recognized by the
immune system and an attack is launched
against the invader.
Viruses, bacteria, or red blood cells
proteins from a different blood type.
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Agglutination
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There are more than 300 known blood
group proteins and more than 1 million
different protein binding sites on each
RBC.
Agglutination animation
An antibody reaction to surface proteins
on RBC causes agglutination, or clumping, of
the cells.
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Blood Typing Tests
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Blood typing is a way to identify and match
blood samples.
Structure and Function of Blood -Video
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