Download 9 - faculty.georgebrown.ca

Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
CHOICE AND CHANGE
The Psychology of Personal Growth
and
Interpersonal Relationships, 7th ed.
by
April O’Connell, Vincent O’Connell, and Lois-Ann Kuntz
Chapter 9 CONDITIONING AND LEARNING
How We Have Been Conditioned and How We Can Use Conditioning
To Build Constructive Habits
ISBN:0131891707
Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
CHAPTER 9
CONDITIONING AND LEARNING
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Recognize the key elements of classical conditioning and what Pavlov
concluded from his research
2. State the significance of John Watson’s experimental study of Baby Albert
3. Recognize the key elements of Skinner’s research and what
he concluded from his research
4. Describe Skinner’s environmental engineering and
his rationale for its utilization
5. Describe how both classical and operant conditioning
have been applied to everyday situations
6. Describe the prevailing theory of three
types of memory
7. Itemize specific techniques by which you can
improve your study habits
Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
1. A neutral stimulus is paired
(+) with an unconditioned stimulus
2. UCS
becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS)
3. Generalized stimuli: The dog responds similarly
(to other sensory stimuli (GS) but to a lesser degree.
Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
JOHN WATSON CONDITIONS BABY ALBERT
Watson conditions Baby Albert to fear s little white rat.,
proving that conditioning can be applied to human beings
Baby Albert also fears anything that is white and furry, proving that
response generation is also applicable to human beings.
Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
OPERANT (SKINNERIAN) CONDITIONING
Food
Pellets
Pellets
drop
down
The organism emits a wide
range of behaviors, one of
which is positively reinforced
and increases in frequency.
Skinner: Most learning is the
result of the reinforcement
of emitted behaviors.
Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Lever
CHAPTER 9
APPLICATIONS OF CONDITIONING
Birthing procedures
Animal
training
Military training
Behavior
modification
Biofeedback
Cessation of smoking
Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
THREE TYPES OF MEMORY
1. Sensory (Trace)
Memory: Fleeting
sensations of
sounds, taste,
colors, and shapes
2. Short-Term Memory:
Useful for phone
numbers, completing
a golf swing,
finishing a sentence
3. Long-Term Memory:
Lasts for almost
entire life span
Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
DEVELOPING EFFICIENT STUDY HABITS
Tips for getting your study material into your long-term memory:
1. Don’t study in a situation that arouses extraneous responses (like the kitchen
table!).
2. Make the material meaningful . (Don’t use rote memory.)
3. If you must memorize, concentrate on nonsalient features.
4. Use motor learning as it is highly resistant to extinction.
5. Use a multisensory approach for more effectiveness.
6. Use mnemonic devices that are relevant.
7. Use distributed and massed practice appropriately.
8. Provide yourself with immediate feedback.
9. Make yourself specific study objectives.
10. Review, review, review!
Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved