Download Learning - Dimensions Family Therapy

MOTIVATION
&
EMOTION
Motivation
• Motivation refers to the driving force
behind behavior that leads us to pursue
some things and avoid others
– What we want to do
– How strongly we want to do it
Psychodynamic Perspective
• Psychodynamic perspective ( dual–instinct
model) focuses on biological basis (drives)
for motivation and includes:
• Sex
– Love, lust, intimacy
• Aggression
• Aggressive behavior
• Desire to control other people and the environment
Psychodynamic Perspective
• Psychodynamic theorists have added to
more basic drives to Freud’s dual-instinct
model of sex and aggression
• Relatedness to others
• Self-Esteem
Psychodynamic Perspective
• Psychodynamic theorists have also advanced
Freud’s concept of drives to include:
• Wishes
– A desired state associated with emotion or arousal
• Fears
– An undesired state associated with unpleasant feelings
Psychodynamic Perspective
• Conscious and unconscious motivations
– Conscious- We are aware of a given motivator
– Unconscious- Drives behavior but we are not
aware of the motivator
• Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
– Used to detect unconscious motives
– Includes a series of ambiguous pictures
– Participants make up a story about the pictures
Psychodynamic Perspective
• Self-report questions
– Tap into conscious motives
– Explicit in nature
• TAT
– Taps into unconscious motives
– Implicit in nature
Behaviorist Perspective
• Theory of Operant Conditioning
– Focus on drive reduction
• Drive reduction involves meeting a current
need:
– Hungry - Find food
– Thirst - Find water
Behaviorist Perspective
• Primary Drives
– Food-Water-Shelter
– Reproduction of the species
• Individual
• Society
• Secondary Drives
– Learned drives
• Status objects such as type of car, size of house
Cognitive Theory
• Expectancy-value theory
– Actual ability
– Perceived ability
• Goal-setting theory
– Conscious goals for desired outcomes
Other Motivators
• Intrinsic motivation
– Suggests we do something due to the
enjoyment we receive from doing it
• Making love
• Self-determination theory
– Suggests we have innate motivation for:
• Competence
• Autonomy
• Relatedness
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
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Self-Actualization
Esteem
Belongingness
Safety
Physiological
Maslow’s Hierarchy
• The paradox of Maslow’s hierarchy
revolves around the fact that to selfactualize one must often place lower order
motivations at risk
• Examples of this paradox include:
– Moving away from home to go to graduate
school
– Starting your own small business
ERG Theory
• Applies Maslow’s hierarchy to the work
environment
• Suggests that employees are motivated by:
– Existence
• Will I still have a job tomorrow
– Relatedness
• Do I get along with my co-workers
– Growth
• Can I earn a promotion and do more interesting work
Evolutionary Perspective
• Instincts
– Behaviors that require no learning
– What seems instinctive in one culture is ignored in
another culture
– Flexibility- The human propensity to come up with
novel approaches to solve problems
• Maximizing inclusive fitness
– Maximize reproductive success
– Best genetic mate versus someone you truly love
Cultural Impact on Motivation
• Socioeconomic influences
– Advertising motivates us to secure certain
objects
– The desire to fit in motivates consumption
patterns
What makes us hungry
• Biological
– Dropping levels of glucose and lipids in the
bloodstream
– Receptors in the liver and brain send signals to the
hypothalamus
– We become hungry
• External Cues
– Time of day
– Bakery blowing smell of bake goods onto the street
Eating as a Motivator
• Metabolism
– Processes by which the body transforms food
into energy
• Three phases of consumption
– Absorptive - Ingest food
– Fasting - Body transforms food into energy
– Homeostasis – Constant state
Homeostasis
• Set point
– Optimal level we strive to maintain
• Feedback mechanisms
– Provide body with the state of the system
• Hungry– full
• Corrective mechanisms
– Seek to restore system to the set point
• Encourages us to eat or stop eating
• Satiety mechanisms
– Turns off ingestive behavior
Obesity
• Defined as 15% or more above the ideal
weight for one’s height and age
• Correlates with socioeconomic status
• Increased risk for:
– Heart attack
– Diabetes (Type II)
– High blood pressure
Culture, Gender and Weight
• North America is obsessed with thinness
• More pressure on women to be thin
• African-American women reported as more
satisfied with their weight than white women
• Negative stereotypes about obese
• Discrimination based on obesity is still legal
Sexual Motivation
• Universal drive that varies in its expression
by culture and by individual
• Reproduction of the species
Sexual Response Cycles
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•
•
•
Excitement
Plateau
Orgasm
Resolution
Sexual Motivation
• Organizational Effects
– Involves developing circuitry of the brain to
perform sexual activity
• Activational Effects
– Hormones active brain circuits involved with
sexual desire
Sexual Orientation
• The direction of one’s enduring sexual attraction
• Attitudes towards homosexuality vary widely
across cultures and within a given culture
• Recent research suggests a homosexual orientation
is heritable and not a conscious choice
Psychosocial Motives
• Need for Relatedness
– We need to belong to something greater than ourselves
• Family, social club, group of friends at work
•
Attachment Motivation
– Desire for physical and psychological closeness
(Intimacy) to another person
• Hugs
• Affiliation
– Physical and social interaction with like minded people
Achievement & Other Agency
Motives
• Includes:
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–
–
–
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Power
Competence
Achievement
Autonomy
Self-esteem
Need for Achievement
• The need for achievement varies widely by culture
• Performance - Approach
– Seek to attain a goal (achieve success)
• Performance – Avoidance
– Seek to avoid a hazard (avoid failure)
• Mastery Goals
– Master a skill such as become an accomplished painter
Emotion
• Emotion involves an evaluative response
(positive or negative feeling) that often
includes some combination of:
– Physiological arousal
– Subjective experience
– Behavioral or emotional expression
Emotion
• James-Lange Theory
– Emotions originate in peripheral nervous
system responses that the central nervous
system then interprets
• Cannon-Baird Theory
– Emotion-inducing stimuli simultaneously elicit
both an emotional experience and bodily
responses
Emotion as a Subjective Exp.
• Involves what it feels like to experience a
given emotion such as sadness, joy, etc.
• The subjective experiences of individuals
vary widely
Emotional Expression
• Refers to the overt behavioral signs of emotion
• We use different facial muscles for different
emotions
• Facial expressions not only reflect an motion but
also influence the experience of emotion
• Display Rules
– Patterns of expression considered appropriate within a
given culture
Basic Emotions
• Include:
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–
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–
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Fear
Anger
Happiness
Sadness
Disgust
• Positive Affect (Pleasant emotions)
• Negative Affect (Unpleasant emotions)
Emotions and the Body
• Emotional processes are distributed
throughout the nervous system
• Amygdala
– Involved in evaluating emotional significance
– Also involved in evaluating other people’s
emotions
Emotions and the Body
• Emotional reactions appear to follow two distinct neural
pathways:
• A quick response runs from the thalamus to the amygdala
and then to the hypothalamus
• A slower response runs from the thalamus-to the cortex- to
the amygdala and then to the hypothalamus
• Emotional Regulation
– Refers to our efforts to control emotional states
Theories on Emotions
• Psychodynamic Perspective
– We can be unconscious of our emotional experience
• Cognitive Perspective
– Schachter–Singer Theory suggests that emotion occurs
as people interpret their physiological arousal
• Evolutionary Perspective
– Emotion plays an important role in communication
between members of a species