Download APSI-Stress-Coping-Health1

What do these things have in
common?
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August 2007
Chronic neck pain
March 2011
Vertigo
Hashimoto’s Disease
Lupus
•STRESS
& ME!!!
• Take Stress Quiz
STRESS
• What “stresses” you out?
• What is stress?
– The physical & psychological
response to circumstances that
disrupt or threaten to disrupt a
person’s equilibrium
• Stressors = events or
situations, unique to the
individual, that produces stress
What is stress? 3 mins
Eustress
• A stress that is
positive or
motivating
• Examples from
your life?
Distress
• A stress that is
negative or
damaging
• Examples from
your life?
Sources of stress
• Catastrophic Events: life
threatening experience or trauma
• Life Changes & Strains: divorce,
death of loved one
• Chronic Stressors: long-term
stressor such as high-crime
neighborhood, serious illness,
financial stress
• Acute Stressors: medical
procedures, job pressures
• Daily Hassles
Physical Effects of Stress
• Stress activates the
hypothalamus (see diagram
on 523)
• Which triggers the pituitary
gland & hormones are secreted
and endorphins are released
• Overall effect of stress
systems = create emergency
energy
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Heart rate increases
Respiration rapid and shallow
Pupils dilate
Goosebumps
Muscle tightness
THEORIES OF PHYSIOLOGICAL REACTIONS TO
STRESS
Walter Cannon
• Stress = a unified mind-body
experience (1930s)
• Not the first to think it, but pushed
idea forward
• Emotion arousing incidents =
outpouring of epinephrine and
norepinephrine
• Sympathetic NS activated
• “Fight or Flight” Response
• Seeking homeostasis (stable, steady
physiological system)
Hans Selye
• Studied animals’ reaction to stress (1936)
• Maintained the body’s adaptive response to stress
is “generalized” (General Adaptation Syndrome)
• Three phases:
– Alarm
– Resistance
– Exhaustion
PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL REACTIONS TO
STRESS
Friedman and Rosenman (1959)
• Conducted longitudinal studies
• Found a correlation between stress and heart
disease
• Found that people with type A personality run a
higher risk of heart disease and high blood pressure
than type Bs
Type A and Type B Behaviors
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Type A
Competitive
Self-Critical
High work involvement
Hard-driving
Constant sense of urgency
Impatient
Anger prone
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Type B
Easygoing
Relaxed
More patient
Express Feelings
Remain calm when stressed
Focus on one thing at a time
Psychoneuroimmunology
• Examining the interaction of
psychological and physiological
processes that affect the body’s
ability to defend itself against
disease
• External defense system
– Skin
– Mucus linings
• Internal defense system
– Immune system
Psychological Reactions to Stress
• See Fact Sheet from APA
• Stress factors
• Work, school and relationships
• Short term effects
• Emotional reactions (anger, anxiety,
embarrassment)
• Cognitive reactions (concentration,
distractibility)
• Long term effects
• Psychophysical (asthma, chronic pain,
insomnia, anxiety disorders, panic attack,
depression, infertility)
COPING WITH STRESS
Refer to “Teen Stress” Handout
Cognitive Strategies
• Reevaluate: think of stressors as challenges not
threats
• Locus of Control (Internal vs. External)
• Problem Solving (conflict resolution)
Emotional Strategies
• Used in situations that are perceived as
unchangeable
• Make it a goal to regulate distress
• Seek social support, get advice
Behavioral Strategies
• Time management (effective and efficient use of
time)
• Behavior modification/life changes (application of
operant and classical conditioning to make positive
behavioral changes)
Physical Strategies
• Relaxation Training (progressive relaxation)
• Biofeedback (recording and recognizing information
about changes in one’s physiological state)
• Meditation (technique used to promote inner peace and
tranquility)
• Exercise (sustained exercise to increase cardiovascular
and lung fitness)
• Diet and Nutrition (eating healthy choices and wellbalanced meals)
Remember…
In moderation, of course!!!
Take care
of yourself!