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Transcript
4th Edition Psychology Stephen F. Davis Emporia State University Joseph J. Palladino University of Southern Indiana PowerPoint Presentation by H. Lynn Bradman Metropolitan Community College-Omaha Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-1 Chapter 12 4th Edition Psychological Disorders Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-2 Abnormal Behavior • By the standard of statistical rarity, behavior is abnormal when it is infrequent. • Dysfunctional behavior interferes with a person's ability to function in day-to-day life. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-3 Abnormal Behavior • The criterion of personal distress is frequently used In identifying the presence of a psychological disorder. • Departures from social norms are used to define deviant, and therefore abnormal behaviors; social norms, however, can change over time and vary across cultures. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-4 Abnormal Behavior • Insanity, is a legal ruling that an accused individual is not responsible for a crime. • Contrary to the public's understanding of the insanity plea, such pleas are infrequently used and rarely successful. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-5 Abnormal Behavior • The medical model views abnormal behaviors as no different from illnesses and seeks to identify symptoms and prescribe medical treatments. • The psychodynamic model considers abnormal behavior as the result of unconscious conflicts, often dating from childhood. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-6 Abnormal Behavior • The behavioral model Views abnormal behaviors as learned through classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and modeling. • The cognitive model suggests that our interpretation of events and our beliefs influence our behavior. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-7 Abnormal Behavior • The sociocultural model emphasizes the importance of social and cultural factors in the frequency, diagnosis, and conception of disorders. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-8 Classifying and Counting Psychological Disorders • The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) provides rules for diagnosing psychological disorders that have increased reliability. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-9 Classifying and Counting Psychological Disorders • Rosenhan's pseudopatient study raises questions about our ability to distinguish normal and abnormal behaviors and shows how labels affect the perception of behavior. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-10 Classifying and Counting Psychological Disorders • Epidemiologists study the prevalence and incidence of accidents, diseases, and psychological disorders. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-11 Classifying and Counting Psychological Disorders • Phobias, alcohol and drug abuse or dependence, and major depressive disorder are among the most common psychological disorders. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-12 Classifying and Counting Psychological Disorders • Many people suffer from more than one psychological disorder (co-morbidity). Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-13 Anxiety, Somatoform, and Dissociative Disorders • Anxiety involves behavioral, cognitive, and physiological elements. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-14 Anxiety, Somatoform, and Dissociative Disorders • Phobias are excessive, irrational fears of activities, objects, or situations. • The most frequently diagnosed phobia is agoraphobia. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-15 Anxiety, Somatoform, and Dissociative Disorders • The DSM-IV also lists social phobia and specific phobia. • Classical conditioning and modeling have been offered as explanations for the development of phobias. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-16 Anxiety, Somatoform, and Dissociative Disorders • Frequent panic attacks (which resemble heart attacks) are the main symptom of panic disorder. • Biological and cognitive explanations for this disorder have been proposed. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-17 Anxiety, Somatoform, and Dissociative Disorders • A person with a chronically high level of anxiety may suffer from generalized anxiety disorder. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-18 Anxiety, Somatoform, and Dissociative Disorders • Most people who have the diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder have both obsessions and compulsions. • Obsessions are senseless thoughts, images, or impulses that occur repeatedly; they are often accompanied by compulsions, which are irresistible, repetitive acts. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-19 Anxiety, Somatoform, and Dissociative Disorders • Somatoform disorders involve the presentation of physical symptoms that have no known medical causes, but psychological factors are involved. • Among these disorders are hypochondriasis, somatization disorder and conversion disorder. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-20 Anxiety, Somatoform, and Dissociative Disorders • Dissociative disorders involve disruptions in some function of the mind. • In dissociative amnesia, memories cannot be recalled; in dissociative fugue, memory loss is accompanied by travel. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-21 Anxiety, Somatoform, and Dissociative Disorders • Dissociative identity disorder (multiple personality) is characterized by the presence of two or more personalities in the same individual. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-22 Mood Disorders • The symptoms of depression include sadness, reduced pleasure and energy levels, feelings of guilt, sleep disturbances, and suicidal thinking. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-23 Mood Disorders • The lifetime prevalence of depression is twice as high among women as among men; prevalence rates around the world are increasing. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-24 Mood Disorders • Suicide, which is often associated with depression, is one of the leading causes of death in the United States. • The risk factors for suicide Include being male, being unmarried, and being depressed. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-25 Mood Disorders • The risk factors for suicide Include being male, being unmarried, and being depressed. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-26 Mood Disorders • Bipolar disorder involves swings between depression and mania. • The symptoms of mania include euphoria, increased energy, poor judgement, decreased sleep, and elevated selfesteem Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-27 Mood Disorders • Mood disorders tend to run in families, which suggests genetic transmission. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-28 Mood Disorders • Depression may involve low levels of norepinephrine or serotonin. • According to the learned helplessness model, depression can also be brought on when people believe that they cannot control outcomes. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-29 Mood Disorders • A refinement of the learned helplessness model, the hopelessness model, suggests that typical ways of explaining negative events may be at the root of depression. • Cognitive explanations focus on how errors in logic contribute to the development of depression. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-30 Schizophrenia • Schizophrenia affects approximately 1% of the population. • Although it is often confused with dissociative identity disorder, the two disorders are different. • Schizophrenia is characterized by a split between thoughts and emotions and a separation from reality. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-31 Schizophrenia • The symptoms of schizophrenia are classified as positive (distortions or excesses) or negative (reductions or losses). • Positive symptoms include fluent but disorganized speech, delusions, and hallucinations. • Negative symptoms include poverty of speech and disturbances in emotional expression such as flat affect. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-32 Schizophrenia • The DSM-IV lists five subtypes of schizophrenia: catatonic, disorganized, paranoid, residual, and undifferentiated. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-33 Schizophrenia • Schizophrenia tends to run in families. • The risk of developing the disorder increases with the degree of genetic relatedness between an individual and a family member who has schizophrenia. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-34 Schizophrenia • Evidence of various brain abnormalities, including larger ventricles, in people with schizophrenia suggests a possible biological cause. • The neurotransmitter, dopamine, seems to be involved in the development of schizophrenia. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-35 Schizophrenia • Environmental influences on schizophrenia include stress and hostile family communication. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-36 Schizophrenia • A predisposition to schizophrenia may be inherited, with the actual development of the disorder requiring the presence of other factors. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-37 Personality and Sexual Disorders • Personality disorders are long-standing dysfunctional patterns of behavior. • A person with antisocial personality disorder displays few of the signs usually associated with psychological disorders, such as anxiety. • They are often described as deceitful, impulsive, and remorseless. • Low levels of arousal may play a role in the development of this disorder. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-38 Personality and Sexual Disorders • Gender Identity disorder (transexualism) is a sexual disorder in which a person believes that he or she should have been a member of the opposite sex. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-39 Personality and Sexual Disorders • Paraphilias are disorders involving sexual arousal in unusual situations or in response to unusual objects. • Fetishism is a paraphilia in which a person is sexually aroused by an object such as boots. • One of the explanations for fetishism and perhaps other paraphilias is classical conditioning. Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 12-40