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Chapter 3: Introduction
Module 1
Birth and the Newborn Infant
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
BIRTH
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Stages of Labor
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
APGAR SCALE
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Initial Encounters
True or false:
Newborns who do not spend time bonding
with their parent or parents immediately after
birth will automatically suffer long-term
social and emotional consequences.
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Messages from Massage
• Physical stimulation after birth
– Stimulates production of brain chemicals that
instigate growth
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Approaches to Childbirth
• Variety of strategies and approaches
• No universally accepted single procedure
• No conclusive research evidence that one
procedure significantly more effective than
another
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
BIRTH COMPLICATIONS
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Problems During Labor and
Delivery
• Preterm infants
• Low birth-weight infants
• Small-for-gestational-age infants
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Very low birth-weight infants
• Most vulnerable; immaturity of their organ
systems
• Weigh less than 1250 grams (around 2 1/4
pounds)
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
What causes preterm and lowbirth-weight deliveries?
• Half of births unexplained
• Difficulties related to mother’s reproductive
system
• Immaturity of mother’s reproductive
system
• General health of mother
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Factors Associated with Increased
Risk of Low Birth weight
•
•
•
•
•
•
Demographic risk
Medical risks predating pregnancy
Medical risks in current pregnancy
Behavioral and environmental risks
Healthcare risks
Evolving concepts of risks
(See Table 1-7)
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Post-mature Babies:
Too Late, Too Large
• 2 weeks or more overdue
– Blood supply from placenta may become
insufficient
– Blood supply to brain may be decreased,
leading to the potential of brain damage
– Labor becomes riskier for larger fetus to pass
through birth canal
72
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Cesarean Delivery
• Baby is surgically removed from uterus
• Occur most frequently when fetal stress
appears
• More prevalent in older mothers
• Related to position in birth canal: breech,
transverse
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Mortality and Stillbirth: The
Tragedy of Premature Death
• Stillbirth
• Resources:
– March of Dimes
– National Stillbirth Society
– MISS Foundation
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Moving From the Heights of Joy
to the Depths of Despair
Postpartum Depression
• Incidence rate
• Symptoms and Causes
• Consequences
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
When Mothers Are Depressed
Depressed mothers
• Display little emotion and to act detached
and withdrawn
Infants
• Display fewer positive emotions and
withdraw from contact not only with their
mothers but with other adults
76
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
THE COMPETENT NEWBORN
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Neonate, but not
novice…completely!
• Neonates emerge practiced in many types
of physical activities
– Reflexes
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Sensory Capabilities:
Experiencing the World
Seeing
• Visual acuity not fully developed but can
see to some extent
• Attend to visual field highest in information
and brightness
• Possess some sense of size constancy
• Distinguish and show preference for
different colors
77
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Sensory Capabilities:
Experiencing the World
Hearing
• Clearly capable of hearing, but auditory
acuity not completely mature
• React to and show familiarity with certain
kinds of sounds
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
What about other senses?
• Senses of touch, smell, and taste are not
only present at birth, but are reasonably
sophisticated.
78
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Early Learning Capabilities
• Infants are capable of learning very early
through classical conditioning
• Operant conditioning functions from the
earliest days of life
78
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
What is habituation?
• Decrease in response to stimulus that
occurs after repeated presentations of
same stimulus
• Most primitive form of learning that occurs
in every sensory system
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
A Quick Review
• Classical conditioning
• Operant conditioning
• Habituation
(See Table 1-8 for descriptions and
examples)
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Table 1-8
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Learning Perspective
1- Learning Theory
• development results from learning, a
long-lasting change in behavior based on
experience or adaptation to the
environment
• Behaviorism: describes observed
behavior as a predictable response to
experience
• React to environment when find it
pleasing, painful, or threatening
• Associative learning: link is made
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Learning Perspective
Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning is a natural form
of learning that occurs even without
intervention.
• Pavlov: taught dog to salivate
• A natural response to a stimulus is
paired with another stimulus through
repeated associations. Learning a new
response to an existing response.
• Conditioned response is a learned
response
• Watson: little Albert
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Learning Perspective
Operant Conditioning- Skinner
• Learning that behavior has
consequences; operates on
environment
• Baby cries, someone soothers- will
cry to be soothed.
• Reinforce, extinguish, use
successive approximations, learning
through imitation of others
• Tend to repeat response that has
desirable consequences and
suppress a response that has a
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Punishment: process of weakening a
behavior, decreasing likelihood of
repetition. Suppresses a behavior
thought aversive consequence.
Withdrawing a positive (not using
car) or aversive (jail)
Reinforcement can be positive or
negative
Positive: reward
Negative: taking away something the
person does not like (aversive
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Extinguish: when no longer reinforce
a behavior
Behavior modification: behavioral
therapy; operant conditioning to
instill positive behavior.
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
2- Social Learning Theory (Social
Cognitive)- Bandura
• People learn
• Development comes from the person
• Learn appropriate social behavior mainly
by observing and imitating modelsObservational Learning
• Through feedback, gradually
development standards for judging own
behavior
• Self-Efficacy: confidence that have what
it takes to succeed
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
3- Cognitive Perspective- Piaget
At each stage, child’s mind develops in a
new way from simple to complex
Organization: tendency to create
increasingly complex cognitive structures
(system of knowledge; ways of thinking
that incorporate more and more accurate
images of reality
Schemas: organized patterns of behavior
that a person uses to think about and act
in a situation.
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Adaptation: how children handle new
information in light of what they
already know
Assimilation: taking new
information and incorporating it into
existing cognitive structures
(sucking on sippie cup versus
breats)
Accommodation: adjusting one’s
cognitive structures to fit new
information (sipping from cup/glass,
changes how uses tongue/mouth)
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Equilibration: constant striving for a
stable balance/equilibrium, dictates
shift from assimilation to
accommodation
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
After forming a small group,
devise a way in which you
may use classical
conditioning in your social
life.
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Social Competence: Responding to
Others
• Newborns have capability to imitate
others’ behavior
• This provides them with important
foundation for social interaction later in life
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Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Form your group again and
see which group in class can
devise a way in which you
can operantly condition your
professor!
Be creative (smile).
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
When Neonates and New
Parents Jive
Review the information in Table 1-9 and
consider:
• The ultimate outcome of the social
interactive capabilities of the newborn
infant, and the responses such behavior
brings about from parents, is to pave the
way for future social interactions.
81
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Review and Apply
REVIEW
• Newborns’ respiratory and digestive
systems begin to function at birth. They
have an array of reflexes to help them eat,
swallow, find food, and avoid unpleasant
stimuli.
81
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Review and Apply
REVIEW
• Newborns’ sensory competence includes the
ability to distinguish objects in the visual field
and to see color differences; the ability to hear
and to discern familiar sounds; and sensitivity to
touch, odors, and tastes.
• The processes of classical conditioning, operant
conditioning, and habituation demonstrate
infants’ learning capabilities.
81
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Review and Apply
APPLY
• Can you think of examples of the use of
classical conditioning on adults in
everyday life, in such areas as
entertainment, advertising, or politics?
81
Discovering the Lifespan - Robert S. Feldman
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.