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Measuring evolutionary fitness in humans Virpi Lummaa University of Sheffield UK Documenting evolutionary processes is often difficult in human behavioural ecology, given the hurdles in measuring the two requirements for evolution by natural selection: heritable trait variation and differential reproduction and survival associated with traits. First, selection can vary with age, and determining such age-related changes is particularly important in long-lived species with extended post-reproductive period. Second, selection can also vary across environments, and both the early and adult environments can have long-term consequences for individual success. Finally, trait heritabilities themselves can vary both across different ages and environments, and traits can be positively or negatively correlated, negative correlations indicating difficulties in maximizing both traits simultaneously. I have investigated these questions in particular to unravel why women experience menopause and prolonged postreproductive lifespan thereafter with significant investments made to provide care to the grandchild generation and, perplexingly, why male lifespan (and often reproductive lifespan, too) is comparable to that of their sterile partner, but grandfathers appear to have less important role in contributing to the success of future generations. I use detailed pedigree records of historical Finnish families, combining information on individual longevity and reproductive success with variation in social, demographic, nutritional and climatic conditions to document varying selection pressures. This talk will highlight the usefulness of adopting an integrative approach and the need to combine data on long-term measures of fitness with information on the underlying genetic variation and trade-offs across different ages and environments to understand human life-history evolution.