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Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 13 Chapters 15 & 16 Therapies & Social Behaviors Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 13 What Is Psychotherapy? • Any psychological technique used to facilitate positive changes in personality, behavior, or adjustment; some types of psychotherapy: Not a “cure all”. – Individual: Involves only one client and one therapist • Client: Patient; the one who participates in psychotherapy • Rogers used “client” to equalize therapist-client relationship and de-emphasize doctor-patient concept – Group: Several clients participate at the same time Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 13 Origins of Therapy • Trepanning: For primitive “therapists,” refers to boring, chipping, or bashing holes into a patient’s head; for modern usage, refers to any surgical procedure in which a hole is bored into the skull – In primitive times it was unlikely the patient would survive; this may have been a goal – Goal presumably to relieve pressure or rid the person of evil spirits • Demonology • Ergotism: Psychotic-like symptoms that come from ergot poisoning – Ergot is a natural source of LSD – Ergot occurs with rye • Phillippe Pinel: French physician who initiated humane treatment of mental patients in 1793 – Created the first mental hospital Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 13 Psychoanalysis: Freud • Hysteria: Physical symptoms (like paralysis or numbness) occur without physiological causes – Now known as somatoform disorders • Freud became convinced that hysterias were caused by deeply hidden unconscious conflicts • Main Goal of Psychoanalysis: To resolve internal conflicts that lead to emotional suffering Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 13 Behavior Therapy • Use of learning principles to make constructive changes in behavior • Behavior Modification: Using any classical or operant conditioning principles to directly change human behavior – Deep insight is often not necessary – Focus on the present; cannot change the past, and no reason to alter that which has yet to occur Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 13 Aversion Therapy • Conditioned Aversion: Learned dislike or negative emotional response to a stimulus • Aversion Therapy: Associate a strong aversion to an undesirable habit like smoking, overeating, drinking alcohol • Response-Contingent Consequences: Reinforcement, punishment, or other consequences that are applied only when a certain response is made • Rapid Smoking: Prolonged smoking at a rapid pace – Designed to cause aversion to smoking Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 13 Cognitive Therapy • Therapy that helps clients change thinking patterns that lead to problematic behaviors or emotions • Selective Perception: Perceiving only certain stimuli in a larger group of possibilities • Overgeneralization: Allowing upsetting events to affect unrelated situations • All-or-Nothing Thinking: Seeing objects and events as absolutely right or wrong, good or bad, and so on • Cognitive therapy is VERY effective in treating depression, shyness, and stress Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 13 Family Therapy • Family Therapy: All family members work as a group to resolve the problems of each family member – Tends to be brief and focuses on specific problems (e.g., specific fights) Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 13 Basic Counseling Skills • • • • • • • • Active listening Clarify the problem Focus on feelings Avoid giving advice Accept the client’s frame of reference Reflect thoughts and feelings Silence: Know when to use Questions – Open: Open-ended reply – Closed: Can be answered “Yes” or “No” • Maintain confidentiality Effectiveness? Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 13 Medical (Somatic) Therapies • Pharmacotherapy: Use of drugs to alleviate emotional disturbance; three classes: Psychiatrists – Anxiolytics: Like Valium; produce relaxation or reduce anxiety – Antidepressants: Elevate mood and combat depression – Antipsychotics: Tranquilize and also reduce hallucinations and delusions in larger dosages Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 13 Shock • Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT): 150 volt electric shock is passed through the brain for about one second, inducing a convulsion – Based on belief that seizure alleviates depression by altering brain chemistry • ECT Views – Produces only temporary improvement – Causes memory loss in many patients – Should only be used as a last resort – 33/33/33 results Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 13 Hospitalization • Mental Hospitalization: Involves placing a person in a protected, therapeutic environment staffed by mental health professionals • Partial Hospitalization: Patients spend only part of their time in the hospital Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 13 Community Mental Health Centers • Offer many health services like prevention, education, therapy, and crisis intervention – Crisis Intervention: Skilled management of a psychological emergency • Paraprofessional: Individual who works in a nearprofessional capacity under supervision of a more highly trained person Private Practices Typically serving specific clientele. Private pay and private insurance patients. Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot What Is Social Psychology? Chapter 16 Chapter 13 • Social Psychology: Scientific studies of how individuals behave, think, and feel in social situations; how people act in the presence (actual or implied) of others • Great Lesson? Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 13 Groups • Group Structure: Network of roles, communication, pathways, and power in a group • Group Cohesiveness: Degree of attraction among group members or their commitment to remain in the group • In Group: A group with which a person identifies • Out Group: Group with which a person does not identify – Cohesive groups work better together – What kind of groups did you see on “Survivor,” “Road Rules,” and “Real World”? Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 13 Social Perception • Attribution: Making inferences about the causes of one’s own behavior and others’ behavior – External Cause of Behavior: Assumed to lie outside a person – Internal Cause of Behavior: Assumed to lie within the person • Fundamental Attribution Error: Tendency to attribute behavior of others to internal causes (personality, likes, etc.). We believe this even if they really have external causes! Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 13 Conformity • Bringing one’s behavior into agreement with norms or the behavior of others. – Solomon Asch’s Experiment: You must select (from a group of three) the line that most closely matches the standard line. All lines are shown to a group of seven people (including you). – Other six were accomplices, and at times all would select the wrong line. – In 33% of the trials, the real subject conformed to group pressure even when the group’s answers were obviously incorrect! Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 13 10 of 15 Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 13 Obedience (Milgram) • Conformity to the demands of an authority. • Would you shock a man with a known heart condition who is screaming and asking to be released? • Milgram studied this; the man with a heart condition was an accomplice and the “teacher” was a real volunteer. The goal was to teach the learner word pairs. Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 13 12 of 15 Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 13 Prejudice v. Discrimination • Negative emotional attitude held toward members of a specific social group • Discrimination: Unequal treatment of people who should have the same rights as others • Personal Prejudice: When members of another racial or ethnic group are perceived as a threat to one’s own interests • Group Prejudice: When a person conforms to group norms Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 13 Aggression • Any action carried out with the intention of harming another person. • Ethologists believe that aggression is innate in all animals, including humans. – Ethologist: Studies natural behavior patterns of animals. – There appears to be a relationship between aggression and hypoglycemia, allergy, and certain brain injuries and disorders. – Certain brain areas can trigger or end aggressive behavior. • Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis: Frustration tends to lead to aggression Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 13 Prosocial Behavior and Bystander Apathy • Prosocial Behavior: Behavior toward others that is helpful, constructive, or altruistic • Friendships – What makes us friends? • Bystander Apathy: Unwillingness of bystanders to offer help during emergencies – Related to number of people present • The more potential helpers present, the lower the chances help will be given