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Biological Functionalism The Double Standard “Sperm are cheap, eggs are expensive.” Evolutionary Psychology on Male-Female Differences Men are more promiscuous and less sexually reserved than women Women are inherently more interested in a stable relationship than men are Women are naturally attracted to high-status men with resources Men are naturally attracted to youth and beauty These preferences and desires were evolutionarily selected long ago and are not likely to change II. Biological Functionalism Counter examples 1) Even some aspects of sexual anatomy seem hard to explain in terms of biological functionalism. 2) Human sexual behavior is subject to enormous cultural variation 3) The animal kingdom is subject to wide variation in sexual behavior. Abstract principles like “sperm are cheap, eggs are expensive” are subject to debate. Biological Functionalism What is the biological function of the placement of the clitoris? Biological Functionalism Differences between men and women in mate selection criteria are very small when you compare them to differences across cultures. III. Motivational Theories Hull-Spence Drive Theory: • need • motive • drive sex drive = ? hunger thirst IV. Learning Theories A. Operant Conditioning • Skinner’s S->R concept IV. Learning Theories How does SEX fit into an Operant Conditioning Model? Stimulus->Response->Reward Stimulus->Sexual Response>Reward Stimulus->Response->Sex IV. Learning Theories B. Classical Conditioning • Pavlovian conditioning Ivan Pavlov Classical Conditioning Conditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Stimulus IV. Learning Theories C. Social Learning • Imitation • Identification V. Cognitive Theories Human Beings are Information Processing Systems Computer is a powerful metaphor for human information processing Sexual dysfunction has been analyzed as a cybernetic system VI. Sociological Approaches Some Important Sociological Concepts: • Norms • Roles (gender roles) • Scripts VI. Sociological Approaches • Scripts specify • Roles • Props • Settings • Behavioral Sequence VI. Sociological Approaches Jemail & Geer (1977) - sex script 1) Kissing 2) Hand stimulation of the breasts 3) Hand stimulation of the genitals 4) Mouth stimulation of the genitals 5) Intercourse 6) Orgasm First Date Script 55% Male arrives at female’s residence 33% Female greets male at the door 43% Conversation 36% Introduction to parents/roommates-leave 16% Discuss where to go 33% Small talk First Date Script (continued) 43% Go to movie 16% Male buys refreshments 23% Go to get something to eat/drink talk 65% Male takes female home 20% Male walks female to door 27% Complimentary summary of evening First Date Script 53% Indicate future interest/disinterest 71% Kiss 34% Say “Good Night” - “Thanks” 25% Male returns home VIII. Anthropological Approaches Inis Beag • • • • • Mangaia Inis Beag................ ........Mangaia Cultural Diversity EROTOPHOBIC - EROTOPHILIC CONTINUUM CELIBATE REPRESSIVE CHASTE RESTRICTIVE SEX EROTOPHOBIC ACTIVE EXPRESSIVE PERMISSIVE SUPPORTIVE SEX + EROTOPHILIC condemnation celebration PROCREATIONAL RELATIONAL RECREATIONAL