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Prenatal Theories
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Birth
Development
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006
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Psychoanalytic Theories
• Sigmund Freud
– Psychosexual Theory
• Worked with mental patients
– Id
– Ego
– Superego
– Defense Mechanisms
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006
Common Defense Mechanisms
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006
Psychosexual Stages
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006
Psychosocial Theory
• Erik Erikson
– Development is influenced by common cultural
demands.
– Each stage of development requires the solution of a
crisis.
– Healthy development requires a favorable ratio of
positive to negative.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006
Psychosocial Theory
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006
Learning Theories
• Ivan Pavlov
– Classical Conditioning
• Reflex
– Stimulus – Response connection
• Unlearned
– Unconditioned Stimulus elicits Unconditioned Response
» Food automatically elicits Salivation
• Learned
– Conditioned Stimulus elicit Conditioned Response
» Smell of food (bacon) elicits Salivation
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006
Learning Theories
• B.F. Skinner
– Operant Conditioning
• Behaviors are dependent on “Reinforcement”
– Positive Reinforcement
– Negative Reinforcement
• Punishment
• Shaping
• Extinction
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006
Learning Theories
• Albert Bandura
– Social Learning Theory
• Observational Learning
– Learning that results from seeing a model reinforced or
punished for a behavior.
• Dependent on four factors
–
–
–
–
Attention
Memory
Physical capabilities
Motivation
• Self - Efficacy
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006
Cognitive Theories
• Jean Piaget
– Scheme
• internal cognitive structure.
– Assimilation
• process of using schemes to make sense of
experiences.
– Accommodation
• changing a scheme to incorporate new information.
– Equilibration –
• balancing assimilation and accommodation
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006
Cognitive Theories
•
Jean Piaget
– Stages of Cognitive Development
1. Sensorimotor Stage
2. Preoperational Stage
3. Concrete Operational Stage
4. Formal Operational Stage
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006
Cognitive Theories
•
Information Processing Theory
– Thinking about and studying memory
processes.
– Three Stage Theory of Memory
•
•
•
Sensory Memory
Short-Term Memory
Long-Term Memory
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006
Cognitive Theories
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006
Questions to Ponder
• Pick three defense mechanisms and write
your own personal example of them. You
may not use the book examples.
• Looking at ecological systems theory,
describe your personal exosystem,
macrosystem, and microsystem
influences.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006
Biological Theories
•
Nativism
– The view that humans possess unique genetic
traits.
•
Ethology
– Genetically determined mechanisms that
promote survival.
•
Sociobiology
– The study of society using methods and
concepts of biological science.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006
Biological Theories
•
Behavioral Genetics
– The effects of heredity on individual
differences.
– Related people such as children and parents
have similar traits influenced by genes.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006
Socio-Cultural Theory
•
Lev Vygotsky
– Complex forms of thinking have their origin in
social interactions.
– Children’s learning of new cognitive skills is
guided by a skilled social partner (adult)
– Zone of Proximal Development
– Scaffolding
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006
Ecological Theory
•
Urie Bronfenbrenner
– Explains development in terms of relationships
between people and their environments.
– Contexts
•
•
•
Macrosystem
Exosystem
Microsystem
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006
Ecological Theory
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006
Eclecticism
•
Multiple Theoretical Approaches
– Build on ideas from several sources.
– Avoids rigid adherence to a single theory.
– Allows deeper probing of behavior using better
research.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006
Comparing Theories
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006
Comparing Theories
•
Evaluation of Usefulness of each theory
•
Generate predictions that can be tested.
•
Heuristic value – the degree to which it stimulates
research.
•
Practical value.
•
Explain the basic facts of development.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006
2
Prenatal Development
End Show
Birth
“This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law.
The following are prohibited by law:
• any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;
• preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, pf any images;
• any rental, lease, or lending of the program.”
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006
And