Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Dirección de Proyectos Informáticos Foundations of individual behavior Objective • • • • • Relacionar satisfacción y productividad ¿qué es la disonancia cognoscitiva? Relación entre actitud y comportamiento 5 variables de la personalidad y desempeño Porque dos personas pueden ver lo mismo e interpretarlo como cosas distintas • Teoría de la atribución • Proceso de aprendizaje. GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 1 Some psychology concepts Attitudes learning Personality Perception GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 2 Attitudes • Evaluative statements–either favorable or unfavorable- concerning objects, people or events • We are interested in attitudes about the work… – “I like my job” GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 3 Attitudes: Job satisfaction Positive Attitudes Negative Attitudes Job Satisfaction Job Dissatisfaction GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 4 Attitudes: …What determines job Satisfaction ? – – – – Mentally challenging work Equitable rewards Supportive working conditions Supportive colleagues- • People want jobs were: – They can apply their abilities an capacities – Task variety – Freedom and feedback GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 5 Attitudes: ..what determines Job Satisfaction? Satisfaction Frustration None objectives A lot GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 6 Attitudes: Job Satisfaction • People expect more than material… • People seeks: – – – – Personal communications Friendship Support from other people (socializes) GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 7 Productivity and job satisfaction • The more satisfaction are more productive? –… – It’s not clear… – Ti has same effects • Other factors have more influence… as working in a chain • But productivity provides satisfaction GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 8 Cognitive dissonance • Any incompatibility between two or more attitudes or between behavior and attitudes. • people will attempt to reduce the dissonance and, hence the discomfort • Way to reduce dissonance: – – – – – Change the job Change the behavior …it's unimportant Change the attitude Seek more consonant elements GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 9 Cognitive dissonance • Factors – uncontrollable… – Rewards… GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 10 Personality • The sum total of ways in which an individual reacts to an interact with others. • Sixteen primary traits: – Reserved - Outgoing – Less intelligent - More intelligent – Affected by feelingsEmotionally stable – Submissive - Dominant – Serious – Happy-go-lucky – – – – – – – – – – – Expedient - conscientious Timid - Venturesome Tough-minded - Sensitive Trusting - Suspicious Practical - Imaginative Forthright - Shrewd Self_assured apprehensive ConservativeExperimenting Group dependent – Self_sufficient Uncontrolled - Controlled Relaxed - Tense GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 11 Indicador de tipos MyersBriggs • • • • • • • • Extroverted - Introverted (E o I) Sensing - Intuitive (S o N) thinking - felling (T o F) Perceiving - judging (P o J) INTJ (Visionaries,… determined) ESTJ (Organizers,…) ENTP (Conceptualizer,…) NTs (Business people supersuccessful firms) GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 12 Personality: The big five model. • Extraversion: – sociable, talkative and assertive. • Agreeableness: – Good natured, cooperative and trusting. • Conscientiousness: – responsible, dependable, persistent and achievement oriented • Emotional stability: – Calm, enthusiastic, secure (positive) vs. tense, nervous, depressed, and insecure (negative). • Openness to experience: – Imaginativeness, artistic sensitivity and intellectualism GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 13 Major personality attributes influencing OB • Locus of control • • • • • • – Internals – Externals Machiavellianism self esteem Self monitoring Risk taking Type A personality Type B personality GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 14 Typology of personality • Realistic: – physical activities, require skill, strength, and coordination – Shy, genuine/ persistent, stable, conforming, practical – Mechanic, drill press operator, assembly line worker, farmer • Investigative – activities that involve thinking, organizing, and understanding – Analytical, original, curious, independent – Biologist, economist, mathematician, news reporter GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 15 Typology of personality • Social: – activities that involve helping and developing others – Sociable, friendly, cooperative, understanding – Social worker, teacher, counselor, clinical psychologist • Conventional: – rule-regulated, orderly, and unambiguous activities – Conforming, efficient, practical, unimaginative, inflexible – Accountant, corporate manager, bank teller, file clerk GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 16 Typology of personality • Enterprising: – verbal activities where there are opportunities to influence others and attain power – Self-confident, ambitious, energetic, domineering – Lawyer, real estate agent, public relations specialist, small business manager • Artistic: – ambiguous and unsystematic activities that allow creative expression – Imaginative, disorderly, idealistic, emotional, impractical – Painter, musician, writer, interior decorator GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 17 Matching personalities and Jobs GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 18 Perception • A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment • Factors influencing perception: – The perceiver, • Attitudes, motives, interest, experience, expectations – The target • Novelty, motion, sounds, size, background, proximity – The situation • Time, work setting, social setting GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 19 Attribution theory • When we observe people we attempt to develop explanations of why they behave in certain ways. • When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused. • Internally: under control of individual. • Externally: outside causes. GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 20 Attribution theory • Determination depends on: – Distinctiveness • Different behaviors in different situations. – As usually or he don’t use to do this. – Consensus • Everyone do the same in this situation. – Consistency • Does the person respond the same over time? GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 21 Attribution theory • There is a tendency for individuals to attribute their own success to internal factors such as ability or effort while putting the blame for failure on external factors as luck. GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 22 Shortcuts in judging others • Selective perception – People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their interest, background, experience, and attitudes. • Contrast effects – Comparison with otter people about same characteristic. • projection – Attributing one’s own characteristics to he other people. • Stereotyping – Perception of the group to which that person belongs. • Halo effect – Drawing a general impression about an individual on the basis or a single characteristic. GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 23 Learning • Any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as result of experience. • How do we learn? – Classical conditioning • Behavior depends on consequences (money, smiles,…) – Positive consequences: repeat. – Negative consequences: do no repeat. GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 24 Learning conditioning comportamiento Environme nt Shaping GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 25 Learning • Operant conditioning – slow, rewards, punishment. – Test and fail • Shaping – By observing what happens to other people. – Quick GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 26 Bibliography: • Robbins, Comportamiento Organizativo, Prentice Hall, 1999. GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior 27