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Animals:
The Chordata Phylum Review
Chapters 30-32:
AP Biology
Chordata
 Vertebrates
fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
hollow dorsal
nerve cord
 internal bony skeleton

 backbone encasing
becomes brain
& spinal cord
spinal column
 skull-encased brain

deuterostome
becomes gills or
Eustachian tube
pharyngeal
pouches
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postanal
becomes tail tail
or tailbone
becomes
vertebrae
notochord
450 mya
salmon, trout, sharks
Vertebrates: Fish
 Characteristics

gills
body structure
 bony & cartilaginous skeleton
 jaws & paired appendages (fins)
 scales

body function
 gills for gas exchange
 two-chambered heart;
single loop blood circulation
 ectotherms

reproduction
 external fertilization
 external development in
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aquatic egg
body
Transition to Land
Evolution of tetrapods
Humerus
Femur
Pelvis
Tibia
Ulna
Shoulder
Radius
Lobe-finned fish
Fibula
Pelvis
Femur
Humerus
Tibia
Fibula
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Early amphibian
Ulna
Shoulder
Radius
350 mya
frogs
salamanders
toads
Vertebrates: Amphibian
 Characteristics

lung
body structure
 legs (tetrapods)
 moist skin

buccal
cavity
glottis
closed
body function
 lungs (positive pressure) &
diffusion through skin for gas exchange
 three-chambered heart;
veins from lungs back to heart
 ectotherms

reproduction
 external fertilization
 external development in aquatic egg
 metamorphosis (tadpole to adult)
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250 mya
Vertebrates: Reptiles
 Characteristics

dinosaurs, turtles
lizards, snakes
alligators, crocodile
body structure
 dry skin, scales, armor

body function

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

lungs for gas exchange
thoracic breathing; negative pressure
three-chambered heart
ectotherms
leathery
reproduction
shell
embryo
amnion
 internal fertilization
 external development in
amniotic egg
chorion
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allantois
yolk sac
150 mya
Vertebrates: Birds (Aves)
finches, hawk
ostrich, turkey
 Characteristics

body structure
 feathers & wings
 thin, hollow bone;
flight skeleton

body function
 very efficient lungs & air sacs
 four-chambered heart
 endotherms

reproduction
 internal fertilization
 external development in
amniotic egg
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trachea
lung
anterior
air sacs
posterior
air sacs
220 mya / 65 mya
Vertebrates: Mammals
 Characteristics

body structure
 hair
 specialized teeth

mice, ferret
elephants, bats
whales, humans
body function
muscles
contract
 lungs, diaphragm; negative pressure
 four-chambered heart
diaphragm
 endotherms
contracts

reproduction
 internal fertilization
 internal development in uterus
 nourishment through placenta
 birth live young
 mammary glands make milk
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Vertebrates: Mammals
 Sub-groups

monotremes
 egg-laying mammals
 lack placenta & true nipples
 duckbilled platypus, echidna

marsupials
 pouched mammals
 offspring feed from nipples in pouch
 short-lived placenta
 koala, kangaroo, opossum

placental
 true placenta
 nutrient & waste filter
 shrews, bats, whales, humans
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Vertebrate quick check…
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Which vertebrates lay eggs with shells?
Which vertebrates are covered with scales?
What adaptations do birds have for flying?
What kind of symmetry do all vertebrates have?
Which vertebrates are ectothermic and which
are endothermic
 Why must amphibians live near water?
 What reproductive adaptations made mammals
very successful?
 What characteristics distinguish the 3 subgroups of mammals?
AP Biology
Comparing Chordates
Chapter 33:
AP Biology
Evolutionary Trends in Vertebrates
 Adaptive Radiation: process by
which a single species or small
group of species evolves into
several different forms that live in
different ways

Rapid growth in the diversity of a
group of organisms
 Convergent Evolution: process by
which unrelated organisms
independently evolve similarities
when adapting to similar
environments
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Body Temperature & Homeostasis
 The control of body temperature is
important for maintaining homeostasis
in vertebrates…
 Particularly in habitats where
temperature varies widely within time of
day and with season
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Body Temperature & Homeostasis
 Ectotherm: animal that
relies on interactions
with the environment to
help it control body
temperature (“cold
blooded”)
 Reptiles, fishes and
amphibians
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Body Temperature & Homeostasis
 Endotherm: animal
that generates its own
body heat and
controls its body
temperature from
within (“warm
blooded”)
 Birds and mammals
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Feeding
 Skulls and teeth adapted for feeding
on a much wider assortment of
foods
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Respiration
 Aquatic chordates: tunicates, fishes,
and amphibian larvae
 GILLS
 Land vertebrates: adult amphibians,
reptiles, birds, and mammals
 LUNGS
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Circulation
 Single-loop
Circulation
 Double-loop
Circulation
 Heart Chambers
(3 or 4)
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Excretion
 Carried out by the
kidneys
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Response
 Nonvertebrate chordates
have a relatively simple
nervous system with a mass
of nerve cells that form a
brain
 Vertebrates have a more
complex brain with distinct
regions, each with a
different function
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Movement
 The skeletal and
muscular system
support a
vertebrate’s body
and make it possible
to control movement
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Reproduction
 Almost all chordates reproduce sexually
 Oviparous: eggs develop outside the
mother’s body
 Ovoviviparous: eggs develop within the
mother’s body –young born alive
 Viviparous: embryos obtain nutrients directly
from the mother’s body-young born alive
AP Biology
Animal Behavior
Chapter 34:
AP Biology
Elements of Behavior
 Behavior: the way an organism reacts to changes
in its internal condition or external environment
 Stimulus: any kind of detectable sign that carries
information
 Response: single, specific reaction to a stimulus
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Types of Stimuli

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Light
Sound
Odors
Heat
 THE SENSES
 Some are different for different animals; i.e.
echolocation in dolphins
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How Animals Respond
 When an animal
responds to a stimulus,
the body systems…
 sense organs
 nervous system
 muscles
 …interact to produce
the resulting behavior
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Behavior and Evolution
 Innate Behavior: instinct, or inborn
behavior; behavior that appears in a
fully functional form the first time it is
performed
 Learned Behavior: behavior that is
altered as a result of experience
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Learned Behavior
 Habituation
 Classical conditioning
 Operant conditioning
 Insight learning
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Habituation
 Learning process by which an animal
decreases or stops its response to a
repetitive stimulus that neither rewards
nor harms it
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Classical Conditioning
 Learning process in
which an animal
makes a mental
connection between
a stimulus and some
kind of reward or
punishment
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Operant Conditioning
 Learning process in
which an animal learns to
behave in a certain way
through repeated practice,
in order to receive a
reward or avoid
punishment
 Trial-and-error learning
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Insight Learning
 Learning process in
which an animal
applies something it
has already learned to a
new situation without a
period of trial and error
 Reasoning
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Imprinting
 Learning based on
early experience
 Once imprinting
has occurred, the
behavior cannot be
changed
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Patterns of Behavior
 Behavioral Cycles
 Courtship
 Social Behavior
 Competition and Aggression
 Communication
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Behavioral Cycles
 Many animals respond to periodic changes in
the environment with daily or seasonal cycles
of behavior
 Migration: periodic movement and return of
animals from one place to another
 Circadian Rhythm: behavioral
cycle that occurs in a daily
pattern; i.e. sleep
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Courtship
 Type of behavior in which an
animal sends out stimuli…
 Sounds
 Visual displays, or
 Chemicals
 …in order to attract a member
of the opposite sex
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Social Behavior
 Usually members of a society
are related to one another
 Related individuals share a
large proportion of each other’s
genes
 Helping a relative survive
increases the chance that the
genes an individual shares with
that relative will be passed
along to offspring
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Competition and Aggression
 Territory: specific
area occupied and
protected by an
animal or group of
animals
 Aggression:
threatening behavior
that one animal uses
to gain control over
another
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Communication
 Passing of information from
one organism to another
 Visual signals
 Chemical signals
 Sound signals
 Language**
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Animal Behavior Terminology
 Behavior

Anything an animal does in response to a
stimulus in its environment
 Innate behavior


Inherited behavior of animals (instinctive)
Ex. The way a toad catches its prey.
 Fight-or-flight response


AP Biology
Preparation of the body to either fight or run
from the danger
Controlled by hormones
Animal Behavior Terminology
 Instinct


A complex pattern of innate behavior that begins
with a stimulus and continues until all responses
have been completed
Ex. Migration, aggressive behavior, courtship
behavior, circadian rhythm, and territorial
behavior
 Circadian rhythm

A 24-hour cycle of behavior, cycle of sleeping and
wakefulness
 Mimicry
The resemblance of one organism to another or to
an object in its surroundings for concealment and
AP Biology
protection from predators

Animal Behavior Terminology
 Migration


The instinctive seasonal movement of animals
Ex. Birds, Pacific salmon
 Hibernation


A state in which the body temperature drops
substantially, oxygen consumption decreases,
and breathing rates decline to a few breaths per
minute in order to conserve energy
Ex. Bears
 Habituation

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A repeated stimulus that the animal finally
ceases to respond to
Animal Behavior Terminology
 Imprinting


When an animal at a critical time of its life
forms a social attachment to another object
Ex. Ducklings attachment to its mother
 Conditioning

Learning by association
 Insight

AP Biology
Learning when an animal uses previous
experiences to respond to a new situation