Download LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT - Education Laboratory

Slide 1
A Topical Approach to
LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT
1
Introduction
John W. Santrock
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 2
Introduction
•
•
•
•
The Life-Span Perspective
The Nature of Development
Theories of Development
Research in Life-Span Development
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 3
The Life-Span Perspective
The Life-Span Perspective
• Development—pattern of change that
begins at conception and continues
through life span
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 4
The Life-Span Perspective
The Importance of Studying
Life-Span Development
• Describe
• Explain
• Discover ways to optimize
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 5
The Life-Span Perspective
Views of Child Development
Original sin view
Children born into world
corrupted with inclination
toward evil
Tabla rasa view
Children born as “blank
slates” and acquire
characteristics through
experience (Locke)
Innate goodness
view
Children born inherently
good (Rousseau)
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 6
The Life-Span Perspective
Characteristics of the
Life-Span Perspective
– Lifelong
– Multidimensional
– Multidirectional
– Plastic
– Contextual
– Multidisciplinary
– Growth,
Maintenance, and
Regulation
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 7
The Life-Span Perspective
Influences on Development
Normative agegraded influences
Normative historygraded influences
Nonnormative life
events
Biological and environmental
influences similar for
individuals in a particular age
group
Biological and environmental
influences associated with
history
Unusual occurrences that
have a major impact on a
person’s life
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 8
Normative Age-Graded
Influences
•
•
•
•
Puberty
Started formal education
Menopause
Retired
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 9
Normative History-Graded
Influences
• Economic Changes
• 9/11
• War in Iraq
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 10
Non-Normative Life Events
• Death of a parent
• Sexual abuse
• Brain injury
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 11
The Nature of Development
Processes in Development
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 12
The Nature of Development
Periods of Development
•
•
•
•
Prenatal
Infancy
Early childhood
Middle and late
childhood
•
•
•
•
Adolescence
Early adulthood
Middle adulthood
Late adulthood
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 13
The Nature of Development
Conceptions of Age
• Chronological age—number of years
elapsed since person’s birth
• Biological age—age in terms of
biological health
• Psychological age—individual’s
adaptive capacities
• Social age—social roles and
expectations related to person’s age
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 14
The Nature of Development
Developmental Issues
Nature and Nurture
Extent to which development
is influenced by nature and
by nurture
Stability and
Change
Degree to which early traits
and characteristics persist
through life or change
ContinuityDiscontinuity
Extent development involves
gradual, cumulative change
(continuity) or distinct stages
(discontinuity)
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 15
Nature
Biological Inheritance
• Genes
• Biological Functions
– Neurotransmitters
• Serotonin
• Dopamin
– Hormones
• Cortisol
• Testosterone
• Estrogen
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 16
Nature (cont.)
Physical appearance/Characteristics
• Height, hair color, eye color
• Clumsiness? Grace? Artistic or Music
ability? Spatial Skills?
Extreme environmental deprivation can
affect development
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 17
Nurture
• Biological Environment
– Nutrition, medical care, drugs, physical
accidents
• Social Environment
– Family, peers, schools, community, media,
culture
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 18
Nature or Nurture?
• Stress/Diathesis Model for Mental
Illness
– Genetic predisposition in combo with
stressful life events or circumstances
MZ
• Major Depressive
• Bipolar
• Schizophrenia
40%
70%
30-50%
DZ
11%
15%
10-15%
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 19
Nature or Nurture?
• Complex Interaction between the two
Maternal Instinct?
Brazelton
Baby with feeding problems
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 20
The Nature of Development
Continuity and Discontinuity
in Development
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 21
The Nature of Development
Evaluating the
Developmental Issues
• Most life-span developmentalists do not
take extreme positions on the three
developmental issues
– Nature and nurture
– Stability and change
– Continuity and discontinuity
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 22
Theories of Development
Psychoanalytic Theories
• Importance of:
– Unconscious processes
– Early experiences
– Heavily couched in emotion
– Behavior a surface characteristic
– Important to analyze symbolic meanings of
behavior
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 23
Defense Mechanisms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Repression
Reaction-Formation
Projection
Regression
Conversion
Undoing
Dissociation
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 24
Theories of Development
Freud’s
Psychosexual Theory
• Id
• Ego
• Superego
Freud’s Stages
Oral
Anal
Adult personality
determined by way we
Phallic resolve conflicts between
sources of pleasure at
Latency each stage and demands
Genital of reality
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 25
Theories of Development
Erikson’s
Psychosocial Theory
• Eight stages of development
– Unique development task confronts
individuals with crisis that must be resolved
– Positive resolution builds foundation for
healthy development
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 26
Theories of Development
Erikson’s
Life-Span Stages
Late adulthood
Middle adulthood
Early adulthood
Adolescence
Integrity vs. despair
Generativity vs. stagnation
Intimacy vs. isolation
Identity vs. identity confusion
Middle\late childhood
Industry vs. inferiority
Initiative vs. guilt
Infancy/Early childhood Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Trust vs. mistrust
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 27
Theories of Development
Evaluating the
Psychoanalytic Theories
• Contributions
• Criticisms
– Early experiences
– Family
relationships
– Unconscious
– Adult changes
– Difficult to test
– Emphasis on sexual
underpinnings
– Unconscious too
important
– Negative
– Culture and gender
bias
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 28
Theories of Development
Piaget’s Cognitive
Developmental Theory
• Children actively construct
understanding
• Go through four stages of
cognitive development
– Sensorimotor
– Preoperational
– Concrete Operational
– Formal Operational
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 29
Theories of Development
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural
Cognitive Theory
• Emphasizes how culture and social
interaction guide cognitive development
• Social interaction with more skilled
adults and peers advances cognitive
development
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 30
Theories of Development
Information-Processing
Theory
• Emphasizes individuals manipulate
information, monitor it, and strategize
about it
– Memory
– Thinking
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 31
Theories of Development
Evaluating the
Cognitive Theories
• Criticisms
• Contributions
– Active construction
of understanding
– Importance of
developmental
changes
– Detailed
descriptions
– Lack individual
variations
– Information
processing theory
lacks description
– Unconscious
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 32
Theories of Development
Behavioral Theories
• Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning
– Neutral stimulus paired with active stimulus
to produce response
• Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
– Consequences of behavior changes
probability of behavior’s occurrence
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 33
Theories of Development
Social Cognitive Theories
• Behavior, environment, and
person/cognition are important
development factors
– Albert Bandura
– Walter Mischel
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 34
Bandura’s
Social Cognitive Model
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 35
Theories of Development
Evaluating the Behavioral and
Social Cognitive Theories
• Criticisms
• Contributions
– Scientific research
– Environmental
determinants
– Observational
learning
– Person and
cognitive factors
– Lack focus on
cognition
– Overemphasize
environmental
determinants
– Too little attention
to developmental
changes
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 36
Theories of Development
Ethological Theory
• Behavior
– Strongly influenced by biology
– Tied to evolution
– Characterized by critical or sensitive
periods
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 37
Theories of Development
Evaluating Ethological Theory
• Criticisms
• Contributions
– Biological and
evolutionary
– Careful
observations
– Sensitive periods
of development
– Emphasis on
biological
foundations
– Inadequate
attention to
cognition
– Animal focus
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 38
Theories of Development
Ecological Theory
• Bronfenbrenner’s view that
development influenced by five
environmental systems
– Microsystem
– Mesosystem
– Exosystem
– Macrosystem
– Chronosystem
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 39
Bronfenbrenner’s
Ecological Theory
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 40
Theories of Development
Sociocultural Contexts
• Cross-cultural studies—comparisons
of one culture with one or more other
cultures.
• Ethnicity—range of characteristics
rooted in cultural heritage.
• Gender—psychological and
sociocultural dimension of being female
or male.
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 41
Theories of Development
Evaluating Ecological Theory
• Criticisms
• Contributions
– Macro and micro
dimensions
– Connections
– Sociohistorical
influences
– Lacks emphasis
on biological
foundations
– Inadequate
attention to
cognitive
processes
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 42
Theories of Development
Family Contexts
• Children in non-poor home
environments were more likely than
those in poor homes to:
– Get responses to their speech
– Have toys or interesting activities
– Have ten or more books of their own
– See their father daily
– Were less likely to be slapped or spanked
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 43
Theories of Development
Characteristics of
Resilient Children
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 44
Theories of Development
An Eclectic
Theoretical Orientation
• Does not strictly follow any one
theoretical approach
• Selects whatever is considered the best
in each theory
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 45
Research in Life-Span Development
Methods for Collecting Data
• Observation
– Laboratory—controlled setting
– Naturalistic observation—observing
behavior in real-world settings
• Survey and Interview
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 46
Research in Life-Span Development
Methods for Collecting Data
• Standardized Test—test with uniform
procedures for administration and
scoring
• Psychophysiological Measures
• Case Study—in-depth look at individual
• Life History Record
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 47
Research in Life-Span Development
Research Designs
• Descriptive Research—observes and
records behavior
• Correlational Research—strength of
relation between events or
characteristics
– Correlation coefficient—describes
degree of association between two
variables
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 48
Research in Life-Span Development
Experiments
• Carefully regulated procedures in which
one or more factors are manipulated
while all other factors are held constant
– Independent and Dependent Variables
– Experimental and Control Groups
• Can state cause and effect
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 49
Research in Life-Span Development
Time Span of Research
• Cross-Sectional Approach—
individuals of different ages are
compared at one time
• Longitudinal Approach—same
individuals studied over period of time
• Sequential Approach—combined
cross-sectional, longitudinal design
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 50
Research in Life-Span Development
Cohort Effects
• Due to subject’s time of birth or
generation, but not age
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 51
Research in Life-Span Development
Parts of a Journal Article
•
•
•
•
•
•
Abstract
Introduction
Method
Results
Discussion
References
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 52
Research in Life-Span Development
Research Ethics
•
•
•
•
Informed consent
Confidentiality
Debriefing
Deception
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.