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OPERANT
CODITIONING
Definition of Learning.
Definition of Operant Conditioning.
Respondent and Operant behaviour.
Skinner’s Experimental Box.
Reinforcement.
Schedules of Reinforcement.
Educational Implications.
Different between Classical and Operant Conditioning.
Definition of Programmed Learning.
Principles of Programmed Learning.
Types of Programmed Learning.
Check List.
synopsis
Definition No: 1
LEARNING
Learning is a process that results in
permanent change in behavior or
behavior potentially and is based on
experience practice
-psychology Philip G. Zimbardo & Richard J. Gerrig (page 227)
Definition No: 2
Learning is a change in the individual
following upon changes in his
environment .
- Advanced educational psychology” by Suresh Bhatnagar
and Anamika Saxena (page no. 124
OPERANT CONDITIONING
Definition No:1
Operant Conditioning is the learning process
whereby a response is made more probable or
more frequent and operant is strengthened i.e.
reinforced.
- Educational psychology by A.B. Bhatnagar& Meenakshi Bhatnagar
(page
No: 157)
Definition No:2
A process through which organisms
learn to repeat behaviors that yield positive
outcomes or permit them to avoid or escape from
negative outcomes.
•
- Psychology by Robert A. Baron (page no: 190)
B.F SKINNER
B.F Skinner was a professor
Emeritus at Harvard University
and a leader in the field of
behaviorism. His work focused
on explaining the causes of
behavior by looking at events
in the environment and
organisms Response.
RESPONDENT AND
OPERANT BEHAVIOUR
Defined two types of responses
1. “elicited” by known stimuli which he
called “Respondent behavior” and
2. “emitted” by the unknown stimuli which
he called “Operant behavior”
B.F. SKINNER EXPERIMENT
He conducted his experiment
with rats and pigeons. He kept a
rat inside a skinner’s box. The
rat was kept hungry. skinner’s
wanted the rat to learn to press
the lever in the cage.
When the rat was inside the
cage it went this way and that way.
It made many casual movements. In
one such movements, it accidentally
pressed the lever. This was just a
casual behavior of the rat. It was
emitted by the rat accidentally. Now
this ( pressing the lever) was what
Skinner wanted that rat to learn.
Immediately food was given to the
rat. The rat began to emit this casual
behavior more often. Each time it did this
casual behavior , food was given. Here
food is responsible for making the
desired behavior. The operant behavior
is conditioned to become the usual
operant behavior by reinforcement .
This is called Operant Conditioned
Learning.
REINFORCEMENT CONTINGENCIES
There are contingency
two type of
A reinforcement
is a
consistent
relationship between a
reinforcement
response and the changes in the
environment
that itreinforcement
produces.
1. A positive
2. A negative reinforcement
POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
Positive rein forcer is any stimulus that- when
made contingent on a behavior -increases the
probability of that behavior over time .the
delivery of a positive rein forcer contingent
on a response is called positive
reinforcement.
NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
Negative reinforcement is any stimulus that
when removed , reduced , prevented ,
increase the probability of a given response
over time .the removal , reduction of
prevention of a negative reinforcement
following a response is called negative
reinforcement.
- “Psychology” by Philip G. Zimbardo & Richard J.Gerry
SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT
Rules determining when and how
reinforcement
willschedules.
be delivered, Skinner has
1. Fixed ratio
suggested the following schedules of
reinforcement.
2. Variable ratio schedules.
3. Fixed interval schedules and
4. Variable interval schedules.
FIXED RATIO SCHEDULES
Fixed ratio reinforcement is given when the
frequency of reinforcement depends on the
rate at which responses are given. i.e. the
pallet of food is delivered after each fourth ,
eighth responses.
VARIABLE RATIO SCHEDULE
In a variable ratio schedule the rein forcer is
presented after a different number of responses
on different occasions. Sometimes the
difference amounts to one or sometimes two.
Thus, the digit goes on changing as one, four,
seven, nine etc.
FIXED INTERVAL SCHEDULE
On a fixed – interval schedule a fixed interval
of time has to elapse before the rein forcer
can be presented i.e. Every 2 minutes or 4
minutes. This is also known as periodic
reinforcement.
VARIABLE INTERVALSCHEDULE
When the interval between reinforcement is
randomly varies, it is known as a variable
interval schedule. In this situation the subject is
reinforced on a time interval basis but the
interval of time is indefinite.
EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS
Here are the few situations:
Skinner’s operant conditioning theory is
a] Shaping
of behavior
great importance
in teaching
– learning
situations.
b] Knowledge of results
c] Reinforcement
d] Satisfaction
MATCHING
DEFINITIONS
1. Reinforcement occurs
after set time period.
TYPES OF REINFOCEMENT
SCHEDULES.
A. Fixed ratio
2. Reinforcement occurs after
a set number of response.
B. Variable ratio
3. Reinforcement occurs after
a varying time period.
C. Fixed interval
4. Reinforcement occurs after
a varying number of
response.
D. Variable interval
Fill in the blanks
1.
______conditioning describes learning
that occurs as a result of reinforcement.
2.
_____conducted numerous experiments on
rats, pigeons, etc.
3.
Learning is the modification of behaviour
through_____&_____.
4.
_____ is also called a single track
programme.
TRUE OR FALSE
1.
Scientists have found a set at about
ten basis reinforce that will be
effective on any human .
2.
Skinner opposed the use of such
terms as sensations, image &
instinct, because these terms refer to
intangible factors.
Difference b/w
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
1. The learner is not independent
in this type of learning.
2. Classical conditioning is
restricted to animal learning
only.
3. Stimulus oriented.
4. Learning through stimulus
substitution.
5. Behaviour is elicited,
6. Reinforcement comes before
the act.
7. Response in forced.
8. Developed by Russian
(Pavlov) Experiment.
OPERANT CONDITIONING
1. The learner is independent
in this type of learning.
2. Operant conditioning may be
Useful for the purpose of
human learning in also.
3. Response oriented.
4. Learning through response
modification.
5. Behaviour is emitted.
6. Reinforcement coomes after
the act.
7. Response is voluntary.
8. Developed by American
(Skinner) Experiment.
Programmed Learning
Definition 1
Programmed learning is a systematic,
step by step, self-instructional
programme aimed to ensure the
learning of stated behaviour.
_
Dale, Edgar(1962)
Definition 2
Educational programming is the
scheduling and control of student
behaviour in the learning process.
-May,K.O(1965)
FUNDEMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF
PROGRAMMED LEARNING
PRINCIPLES OF
1. SMALL STEPS
2. ACTIVE RESPONSE
3. REINFORCEMENT
4. STUDENT TESTING
TYPES OF PROGRAMMED
LEARNING
1. LINEAR PROGRAMMING
2. BRANCHING PROGRAMMING
3. MATHETICS PROGRAMMING
4. RULES SYSTEM OF PROGRAMMING
5. COMPUTER ASSISTED INSTRUCTION(CAI)
6. LEARNER CONTROLLED INSTRUCTION(LCI)
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