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Chapter 6 Lecture Outline Classical Conditioning - terminology & class demo - unconditioned stimulus (US) - conditioned stimulus (CS) - neutral stimulus (NS) - unconditioned response (UR) - conditioned response (CR) Applications of CC: (1) Little Albert (2) enuresis (3) sheep ranchers and coyotes (an example of a conditioned taste aversion) (4) conditioning and emotions CC quiz Additional concepts: - extinction & spontaneous recovery - stimulus generalization & discrimination Why does CC occur? - Pavlov=s view of temporal contiguity Reasons why contiguity can=t be the whole answer: (1) backward conditioning should work effectively (it doesn=t work well) (2) Kamin=s work on blocking argues against it (3) Rescorla=s work on signal relations argues against it Conclusions: the predictive contingencies are what are important Operant Conditioning (voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences) - how does type of conditioning differ from CC? How are reinforcement and punishment defined? Example - discriminative stimulus (stimuli) - SD Positive vs. negative reinforcement (Beware! The distinction between these two perplexes many students) - think like a math teacher (reinforcement by addition vs. reinforcement by subtraction) - definitions - chart - examples - escape vs. avoidance (two aspects of negative reinforcement) Other important concepts: - generalization & discrimination - extinction - punishment (compare to negative reinforcement) Q: When should reinforcement (or punishment) be administered? Why? Reinforcement & punishment quiz Using operant conditioning - shaping and successive approximations Schedules of reinforcement - acquisition vs. maintenance of behavior - fixed ratio (FR), variable ratio (VR), fixed interval (FI), and variable interval (VI) schedules Observational Learning/Social Learning - is reinforcement critical for learning to occur? - what are models? - Albert Bandura=s research