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Latin
America
Mexico
Mexico
Central
America
South
Central
America
South
America
Early Human Migrations
•12,000 B .C,
•the first
people
•from Asia
•Anuit people
•huntergatherers
Ch. 14-1 Cornell Notes
1a). region that includes 1. Mesoamerica
Mexico and parts of
Central America
1b). also called
Middle America
2. Mexico, Mesoamerica, 2. Latin
America
South America
Ch. 14-1 Cornell Notes
3a). 12,000 B.C. the
3. The
first people in
Anuit
the Americas from
Asia
3b). Hunter-gatherers
4. maize = corn
squash, beans,
chocolate = cacao,
potatoes, cotton
4. important
crops
Ch. 14-1 Cornell Notes
5a). obsidian, jade,
cotton, chocolate,
rubber trees
5b). llamas
5. trade
Palenque
• Built BY the ancient Mayan civilization
• Priests held religious ceremonies from the
top level
• Flat terraces were made for farming to
grow crops
• Temples were created to worship their
gods
• King Pacal was buried at the bottom of
one of the pyramid-shaped temples
• Plazas (communicate)
• Outdoor markets (buy and sell goods)
Palenque
• Built BY the ancient Mayan civilization
• Priests held religious ceremonies from the
top level
• Flat terraces were made for farming to
grow crops
• Temples were created to worship their
gods
• King Pacal was buried at the bottom of
one of the pyramid-shaped temples
• Plazas (communicate)
• Outdoor markets (buy and sell goods)
The “Columbian Exchange”

Squash

Avocado

Peppers

Sweet Potatoes

Turkey

Pumpkin

Tobacco

Quinine

Cocoa

Pineapple

Cassava

POTATO

Peanut

TOMATO

Vanilla

MAIZE

Syphilis

Trinkets

Liquor

GUNS

Olive

COFFEE BEAN

Banana

Rice

Onion

Turnip

Honeybee

Barley

Grape

Peach

SUGAR CANE

Oats

Citrus Fruits

Pear

Wheat

HORSE

Cattle

Sheep

Pigs

Smallpox

Flu

Typhus

Measles

Malaria

Diptheria

Whooping Cough
Over 100 Different Types of Potatoes
Cultivated
by the Incans
From the New World
to the Old World
European Empires in the Americas
Satellite Image of Latin America
Topography
of
Latin
America
Mountains
and
Peaks
Andes Mts.
Palenque
• Built BY the ancient Mayan civilization
• Priests held religious ceremonies from the
top level
• Flat terraces were made for farming to
grow crops
• Temples were created to worship their
gods
• King Pacal was buried at the bottom of
one of the pyramid-shaped temples
• Plazas (communicate)
• Outdoor markets (buy and sell goods)
Palenque
Chinampas, pg. 412
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Floating gardens
Farmers grew crops on them
They anchored the rafts to trees in the water
They put soil onto the rafts to grow crops
Built by the Aztecs
In Tenochtitlan
one of the Aztec’s greatest ACHIEVEMENTS
Chinampas
http://www.chinampas.info/
Inca’s Roads, pg. 432
• Built by the Incas
• Enabled them to cross the coast, deserts,
forests, grasslands, plains and mountains
by overcoming rugged terrain
• This enabled them to
(a) transport goods
(b) to communicate with others
(c) help build a strong government
• Enabled them to travel through the rugged
Andes Mountains
Inca Roads
http://www.marvelousspatuletail.net/
Aztec Calendar
Aztec Calendars, pg. 420
• They used astronomy to create the
calendar
• Similar to the Mayan calendar
• The priests studied astronomy the most
and helped to maintain the calendar
• Calendars used for(a) ceremonies, battles, planting and
harvesting crops
• They built observatories to help them
study the stars (pg. 398)
Machu Picchu, pg. 428
•
•
•
•
A royal retreat for the Inca rulers
Build sacred mountain peaks
An amazing engineering accomplishment
Inca farmers grew corn, potatoes, plants
for medicine
Machu Picchu
Class Notes
Crops from South America
1. maize- corn
2. potatoes
3. cocoa = chocolate
***animal- the llama
4. Traded these with European
explorers1490’s when they came
to the Americas
Observatories
1. Study astronomy (the planets and stars)
2. Created calendars = days; crops; religious
events; battles
3. Built by the Maya
4. Emphasized mathematics
Tenochitlan
• Wealthy Aztec city
• Used special roads to cross the water called a
causeway
• The city was surrounded by water
• Chinampas were important
One of the greatest cities in the Americas
• Hernan Cortes led the conquistadors (
Spanish soldiers; 1400’s) and conquered
Tenochitlan;
• Cortes’ men killed leader of Aztec empire
causeway
•Causeway- raised roads across water or wet
ground that connected the island to the shore
•Made of rocks covered with dirt
Hernan Cortes
•In 1519 arrived in Mexico
•With his conquistadors (Spanish soldiers)
•Met with Moctezuma II
•Moctezuma II gave him gifts; welcomed him
•Cortes captured and killed him
•Took over Tenochitlan
•Killed the Aztecs
Moctezuma II leader of the Aztecs
Was captured and killed by Cortes
and the conquistadors
Malintzin- Aztec
She was captured from her Aztec family, sold
into slavery; given to Cortes; learned several
languages; called malinchista (betrayed her
own people); helped the Spanish defeat the
Aztecs; became Cortes’s companion and
interpreter
Pizarro
• Organized expeditions to explore the west coast
of South America
• Wanted to exert Spanish control over the Incas
• Founded the capital city Lima, Peru
• Used horses and guns to kill Incas
• His people brought diseases that killed Incas
By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer
Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
Christófo Colón [1451-1506]
Columbus’ Four Voyages
Ferdinand Magellan & the First
Circumnavigation of the World:
Early 16c
The First Spanish Conquests:
The Aztecs
vs.
Fernando Cortes
Montezuma II
The Death of Montezuma II
Mexico Surrenders to Cortés
The First Spanish Conquests:
The Incas
vs.
Francisco
Pizarro
Atahualpa
Docs. 1- 4
Cycle of Conquest & Colonization
Explorers
Official
European
Colony!
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
Slave Ship
African Captives
Thrown Overboard
Slaves Working in a
Brazilian Sugar Mill
Mercantilism
The economy and trade
are essential to the health
and safety of the nation.
1.Get as much gold and silver
as you can.
2.Establish a favorable balance
of trade.
3.Get colonies.
The Influence of the Colonial Catholic
Church
Guadalajara
Cathedral
Spanish Mission
Our Lady of
Guadalupe
Father Bartolomé de Las Casas
New Laws --> 1542
The
Inca
Empire
• Polytheistic
religion- Pantheon
headed by Inti-the
sun god
• combined features of
animism, fetishism,
worship of nature
gods
• offered food, clothing,
and drink
• rituals included forms
of divination, sacrifice
of humans and
animals
Events leading to
Rise and Fall
• 1438: Manco Capac established capital at
Cuzco (Peru)
• 1400-1500: Pachacuti gained control of
Andean population about 12 million people
• 1525: Emperor Huayna Capac died of plague;
civil war broke out between two sons because
no successor named
• 1532: Spanish arrived in Peru
• 1535: Empire lost
Francisco Pizarro
• 1527: Pizarro wanted to
discover wealth;
embarked on his third
voyage to the New World
• Sept. to Nov. 1532:
The Cajamarca massacrePizarro led 160
Spaniards to Cuzco,
slaughtering over 2,000
Inca and injuring 5,000
• November 16, 1532:
Atahualpa captured
by Spaniards, offered
gold for his freedom.
• Pizarro accepted more
than 11 tons of gold
($6 million+) baubles,
dishes, icons,
ornaments, jewelry, &
vases, but never
released Atahualpa.
• July 26, 1533:
Atahualpa was killed
Economic Developments
• constructed aquaducts, cities, temples, fortresses,
short rock tunnels, suspension bridges, 2250mi road
system
• metal works of alloy, copper, tin, bronze, silver gold
• developed important medical practices- surgery on
human skull, anesthesia
• resources-corn, potatoes, coffee, grain
• created woven baskets, woodwinds
Andes Mountains (Peru)
The Eastern Flank of the Andes
Llamas in the Andes
The Sierra Madres, Mexico
Guianan Highlands, Venezuela
Brazilian Highlands
Patagonian Region (Chile)
Amazon Rain Forest
Mato Grosso
Orinoco Lowlands, the Llanos
Cattle Ranching on the Pampas
Gauchos of the Pampas, Argentina
Atacama Desert
The Falkland Islands
or Islas Malvinas
Cape Horn
The Panama Canal
Going Through the Panama Canal
Very Varied Climate Zones
Amazon Rain Forest
On the Ground Floor
of the Rain Forest
Three-Tiered Vegetation
Three-Tiered Canopy
Native Indians of the Amazon
Jungle Fauna
Minerals of the Amazon Region
Amethyst
Quartz
Diamonds
Bauxite
Deforestation in the Amazon
Original Forest Cover
Current Forest Cover
Future Forest Cover
Agriculture and Fishing
Banana Plantation
Harvesting Sugar Cane
Growing Coffee
Rubber Industry
Oil Drilling in the Gulf of Mexico
5 NATIONS OF MEXICO
Sculpture from the Americas
Origins of the
Peoples of the Americas?
Major Pre-Columbian Civilizations
Lands of the Mayans
The Yucatan
Peninsula
Chichen-Itza - Pyramid
Chichen-Itza - Observatory
Chichen-Itza - Ball Court
Mayan Cultivation
of Maize
Chac, God of Rain 
Mayan Underground Granaries:
Chultunes
Overview of Tikal (Guatemala)
Temple of the Masks
Tikal Jungle View at Sunset
Tikal - Main Court
Tikal:
Temple of
the Masks
Tikal - Wall Mask of the Rain God
Mayan Glyphs
sky
king
house
child
city
Mayan
Mathematics
Mayan Glyphs
Mayan Drinking Cup for
Chocolate
Pakal: The Maya Astronaut
Quetzalcoatl:
The God of Wisdom & Learning
Major Pre-Columbian Civilizations
Lands of the Aztecs
Aztec View of Tenochtitlan
Ruins of the City Center,
Tenochtitlan
The Codex
Mendoza :
The
Founding
of
Tenochtitl
an
Tenochtitlan: The “Venice” of the
Americas
Aztec Chinampa or Floating
Garden:
15ft. to 30ft. wide
Tenochtitlan - Chinampas
Aztec Writing
Aztec Math
Aztec Sun Stone -- Calendar
Aztec Sun Motifs
Aztec Codex
(15c Manuscript)
The Aztecs
Were
Fierce Warriors
Aztecs Sacrifice Neighboring Tribes
to the Sun God
Heart Sacrifice
on an Aztec Temple Pyramid
Wall of Skulls, Tenochtitlan
Sacrificial Statue, Tenochtitlan
Aztec Gold
Lands of the Incas
Background
• Empire extended along
the Pacific coast and
Andean highlands
from northern border
of modern Ecuador to
Maule River in central
Chile
• Inca originated in
village of Paqaritampu, about 15mi
south of Cuzco
• Official language:
Quecha
Cuzco: Ancient Capital of the Inca
(11,000 ft. above sea level)
Machu Picchu
Machu Picchu
Incan Suspension Bridges
Incan Terrace Farming
Incan Digging Sticks
Maize in Incan Pottery
& Gold Work
Produce from a Typical Incan
Market
Incan Ceramic Jars
Peanut
Potato
Cacao God
Cacao Pod
Squash
The Quipu: An Incan Database
Incan Mummies
Inca Gold & Silver