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Early Civilizations in the Americas Olmec, Maya, Aztec & Tiwanakans, Moche, Inca Human Origins in the Americas Humans have been in the Americas since between 10,000-33,000 years ago. Bering Strait Land bridge during the Ice Age The people were hunter and gatherers Stone weapons and tools hunted the large mammals: mammoths, mastodons, ground sloth's, saber tooth cats, bison. Big game died off around 8000 yrs ago Human Origins in the Americas Transition to sedentary life… sedentary – this means a settled lifestyle. Hunt and gather in a smaller space, and spend more time in one place. Allowed creation of things like pottery, nets, baskets, etc. This led to the domestication of food. Human Origins in the Americas Agriculture: Domestication around 8500 BC Occurs when people actively pick and select for traits in the food they grow. This changes the plant to be dependant on the people to re-seed it each year, harvest it, and it changes the form of the plant. maize, beans and squash llamas and alpacas for food and wool Human Origins in the Americas So how do we get from traveling bands to civilization? Olmec, Maya, Aztec Olmec Developed around 1200BC Lived in the area between the Gulf of Mexico and the Tuxtla mountains in the south. Two major centers: La Venta and San Lorenzo. At its height there were around 10,000 people and covered an area of 6,000 – 7,000 mi They traded widely throughout Mexico, Guatemala, and El Salvador. La Venta Olmec Farming Lived in a swampy and dense jungle. Used a slash and burn style of farming Grew squash, gourds, beans, avocados, peppers, and maize. Olmec Olmec Society There were two distinct classes, seen in the art and burials Upper elite class Huge heads of stone – show a division of labor was needed to produce them Heads are probably portraits of leaders, because each helmet is marked with unique symbols. Elaborate stone tombs, with carved figures, and jewelry from jade, amethyst, other stones Lower commoners. Simple burial sites, crudely prepared with few ornaments for the commoners. Olmec Olmec rulers They were priest-kings: brave warriors, civil leaders, and religious leaders. Believed the kings were direct descendants from Gods and had the power to protect them from enemies and cause good weather for crops. Had 15 gods, but jaguar-man was probably the most important god They performed rituals to please the gods: sacrificing animals and humans Olmec – the downfall San Lorenzo was destroyed and vandalized around 900BC La Venta was destroyed around 400 BC Olmec transferred their ideas of civilization to others: Teotihuacán - 200BC a strong empire in the valley of Mexico this lasted till around AD650. A vast capitol with broad streets, markets, plazas, temples, etc. Toltec’s next ruled the lands north and west of the valley of Mexico, and they passed on in legend and lore to the Aztec, who claim to have descended from them Maya - Geography Highlands: In the south along a mt range, active volcanoes long rainy season, deep fertile soil so good for farming. Lowlands: Central and north part of the Yucatan peninsula. forest and rough dry grass rich in limestone = bad for farming but good for building. Maya Farming in the area started around 1800BC Btw 100BC -200AD villages grew into cities with huge palaces and pyramids. Height of the Maya, 250-900AD – approx. 3 million people Ball Court Un-excavated Pyramid Maya - Economy Terraced the hills to create more farming land. Built raised fields in the swampy lowlands burned off vegetation to clear the land in areas densely forested Traded surpluses and imported things like salt, honey, fancy cloth, and jaguar skins, jade, bird feathers, cacao beans. Terraced farming Maya - Society Cities were built around religious centers with huge limestone pyramids, surrounded by large open plazas, and on top of them were temples, where the priests performed religious ceremonies. TIKAL Maya - Society Their gods controlled the sun, rain, etc. Thought that their rulers could influence the gods Priests sacrificed food, animals, and even humans to please the gods. The kings also pierced their own skin and shed their blood, b/c they thought it would keep the society healthy and productive Palenque Maya - Cultural Achievements A number system: this was based off the number 20 instead of 10 like ours. Dot to represent a single Line to equal five Eye shaped symbol = 0 Mayan Calendar . __ .. x 400 …. __ x20 __ o . __ .. __ x1 __ 20 126 . o . 0 1 …. . __ __ __ …. __ __ __ 4 5 11 19 1092 Maya - Cultural Achievements Hieroglyphic writing system – each glyph reps a sound, and when the picture are put together they can make part or a whole word. Maya - Cultural Achievements A two calendar system: 260 day religious calendar were each day was given a name and a number. 365 day calendar based on earth orbit around the sun 18 months of 20 days each plus 5 extra days (these were thought to be bad luck) Maya - Cultural Achievements codex - priest kings wrote the events of the cities in books there are three that still exist, b/c the Spanish destroyed all the others. The codices show the two calendars. And how they used them to determine when to plant, hunt, and do religious ceremonies. Maya - Cultural Achievements They also made beautiful art: jewelry out of jade, gold, shells (one king was found wearing a life size mosaic jade mask) beautiful woven cloth. Unlike many other early American cultures, the Mayans survived to modern day! They live in parts of Mexico, Guatemala Belize. Aztec - Origin Myth The Aztecs received a command from the god Huitzilopochtli: “go where the cactus grows, on which the eagle sits happily...there we shall wait, there we shall meet a number of tribes and with our arrow or our shield we shall conquer them. After 200 yrs of wandering the Aztec settled on Lake Texcoco in the Valley of Mexico. They named their new home Tenochtitlan, which means “the place of the prickly pear cactus.” Aztec - Adaptations They lived on a swampy island and had to adapt They made huts from the reeds and mud from the swamp. chinampas: “floating gardens.” - narrow strips of land about 300 feet long completely surrounded by canals. They grew the threesome corn, beans, squash, and peppers, tomatoes. Aztec – Rise to Power In 1428 they formed Triple Alliance The empire covered the southern 1/3 of Mexico, and into Guatemala and be an area of 375 mi long and 315 mi wide. Ahuitzotl: 1486-1502 lead these attacks through Central America lighting quick strikes to take the enemy by surprise. Built the great temple for Huitzilopochtli. Moctezuma: 1502-1520 when the Aztecs reached their greatest size with a pop of about 25 million people. Aztec – Social Classes Calpullis – families of different social ranks, nobles, commoners, serfs, and slaves. Nobles smallest class, controlled the others. govt officials priests and warriors. They lived off the tribute by commoners and conquered people. commoners farmed their own calpulli land and the noble’s land as well Had a calpulli school to learn about Aztec religion and history. Paid a tribute to the govt, this was kind of a tax paid in goods or services. Aztec – Social Classes Serfs had to work the land but they could not own it! They made up about 1/3 of the pop slaves were the lowest, most were captives of war or commoners who committed crimes, or had debts. conquered people : most of the Aztec empire. Were allowed to keep its religion, language, social structure, and customs. wealth of the empire was made from the tribute paid by the conquered tribes Aztec - Trade Merchants traveled throughout the empire and beyond to bring back exotic goods like feathers, jade, cocoa for the nobles. They had carriers, usually slaves who carried these loads walking sometimes more than 250 mi The marketplace was a center of each city. Aztec - Religious Views Thought that humans must live by the rules of the spirits or the universe would be destroyed. Gods required prayer, thanksgiving, rituals, and sacrifices to keep the world from destruction. Huitzilopochtli - god of sun and war Tlaloc - the god of rain Human sacrifices were common: To keep gods happy and universe from ending to frighten enemies If sacrificed you would become a divine being Aztec - War To get captives to sacrifice, control the valley of Mexico, get more land to support the expanding population ruthless fighting methods - When Aztec attacked a city they attacked all, not just the soldiers. The Aztecs fighter fought w/o fear of death b/c they thought their deaths would keep the world going. Aztec – the downfall The Spanish first appeared on the American shores early 1500s. At this time there was a time of unrest and civil, war for the Aztec. Tlaxcalans and others rebelled Aztecs were forced to fight in many areas at once which great spread their armies very thin, so they won few battles. Aztec – the downfall Moctezuma thought that the Spanish, led by Cortes, might be Quetzalcoatl, the ancient god come back to claim the kingdom. So welcomed them Cortes took Moctezuma hostage La Malinche (who the Sp called Dona Marina) the scapegoat translator… Aztec rebel, kick out the Sp In May 1521 Spanish laid siege to Tenochtitlan, and left the city w/o supplies, this help/started a epidemic in the city, after this happened on Aug 13 1521, with most of the warriors dead from the epidemic, starvation, etc the Aztec gave up. Tiwanakans, Moche, Inca Tiwanakans This civilization prospered btw 300BC-1200AD. Area of 1500 sqmi from the plateaus of Peru and Bolivia down the southern coast of Peru and into Chile They lived high up on the altiplano is the high barren plateau up in the Andes. Tiwanakans Living in this harsh enviro they had to adapt with inventive ways of farming with raised planting beds to keep plants watered in the day, and warm in the cold night They grew high altitude and hardy crops like potatoes and grain. Tiwanakans - Lifestyle common people: performed most of the hard labor. Paid taxes in food and labor of building miles of roads to connect the villages to make trading easier. The holy city was Tiwanaku. It was the center of trade and religion. Gateway of the Sun: huge “doorway” where people probably came to worship. Tiwanakans honored the condor. Tiwanakans But then btw 1100 – 1300AD the city was abandoned. Those who had lived in the city resettled around the area in smaller groups. Archaeologists disagree about why people left the city. Some think a drought destroyed the fragile agriculture. Other say that Lake Titicaca may have flooded making the fields unusable. Still other idea is that outsiders invaded the city. Gateway of the Sun Moche They flourished from 100-700AD Thin strip of desert along the coast of Peru. Small rivers than run through the desert from the runoff from the Andes down into the ocean, these rivers allowed the Moche to rise, and use the water to irrigate the fields. Moche Adaptions for the environment: Hundreds of miles of aqueducts to carry the water from the rivers to the fields Terracing on the steep slopes in the Andes foothills They grew corn, beans, peanuts, hot peppers, and squash. They also gathered shellfish and ate and used llamas and pigs. Moche - Lifestyle The ancient city of Moche was civic and religious center. probably used a large number of laborers from the lower classes to do most of the work. They dig and maintained the aqueducts. And built the large temples and pyramids. Commoners - farmed and fished and hunted for food. Elite - were mostly the priests, artist, warriors, and engineers. The wealth of the elite is seen in the excavation of a Moche tomb mound in Sipan – called the “lord of Sipan” Moche Like the Tiwanakans the decline of the Moches is questionable: some thing they were absorbed by of the Andean cultures, or conquered by outsiders, but its remains unknown. But around 600 AD they abandoned their towns and moved to other areas. Sipan Inca Cuzco Valley in central Andes diverse terrain 1438 Inca began to gain control of the Cuzco Valley. Pachacuti – 7th ruler of the Incas launched a huge campaign of conquest. By 1525 the Inca Empire covered parts of what is Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Chile. The Inca called their empire Tihuantinsuyu “land of the four quarters” At its height that reach about 13 million pop Inca - Political organization Methodically scouted new regions before they attacked. Controlled the conquered areas: 1) they held religious idols and local leaders in Cuzco 2) forced members of the tribes to join the Inca army. 3) Stationed Inca soldiers throughout the empire 4) If still rebellious, relocated them closer to Cuzco 5) If troops were peaceful the Inca let local rulers stay in power. 6) To create a national identity they made the Inca religion the official religion of the empire and required all subjects to learn the Inca language of Quechua. Inca Architecture Inca – Social Classes Inca ruler: lord of all things – everything belonged to him. Commoners: most of the pop in the empire was commoners. They had little freedom Constant work was their tribute to the ruler. Work done in the fields or building huge public works they built a highway system Nobility: lived off the tribute from the commoners, worked as governors of provinces, advisors, and admin. quipu camayocs - official rememberers An Inca “Book” Inca Highway System Inca Coat Inca - Farming The Inca had great farming techniques and allowed them to take the best advantage of the land. Divided land into thirds: 1) the commoner’s harvested one to feed govt workers. 2) One part went to feed the Inca religious leaders. 3) The last third went to feed the farmers themselves. vertical economy - crop choice is based on the height of the land. In the low valleys they grew maize, beans squash. In the mts they raised llamas and alpacas for wool and meat. Inca - Religion Inti - the god of the sun portrayed him with a golden disk with a human face To make sure the crops grew well the Inca prayed to both gods and their ancestors. Believed in life after death, and dead rulers played a role in deciding the fate of the empire. When an Inca ruler died they mummified him and preserved the body and they looked after his palace and estate. Inca – the downfall Francisco Pizarro arrived in 1532 and the Inca fell 11 yrs after the Aztec He came in a time of civil war…between two sons Huascar and Atahualpa fighting for the throne. After three years of civil war Atahualpa won, but he won a much weakened empire. Inca – the downfall Pizzaro landed with about 150 men and tricked Atahualpa into a meeting. He attacked after Atahualpa refused to convert to Christainity. In the attack Pizzaro killed more than 5,000 Inca. And Atahualpa was taken prisoner. The Spanish later strangled Atahualpa Inca – the downfall Feb. 1536 Manco Inca the last heir came to the throne, and led an army of about 200,000 Inca to Cuzco, but the siege failed b /c most all the supplies had been used up in the earlier civil war Inca retreated into the Andes, where they held out until 1572 when the Spanish finally defeated them. Why did the Inca and Aztec fall so fast? 1) Disease brought by the European had a horrible effect on the people in the Americas. Small pox and measles, which the Aztec and Inca had never been exposed to spread like wildfire people were left leaderless 2) Sp took advantage of the already weakened state b/c of rebellion and civil war. They used the resentful subjects to guide them and help them win their battles. Why did the Inca and Aztec fall so fast? 3) Spanish weapons were technologically superior. They used crossbow, and cannon and spears and swords or iron. The Aztec had bronze, copper shields, stone knives, and woven cloth armor. 4) They came from very different cultures. Moctezuma thought that Cortes might be a god Aztec’s needed to be converted to christianity Aztec usually only fought to get captives for sacrifice Spanish fought to kill. Why did the Inca and Aztec fall so fast? In some areas more than 90% of the pop died from the Sp take over. However the Aztec and Inca responded diff to the invaders: The capture of Tenochtitlan meant the end of the Aztec civilization b/c it was the center of it all. The Inca did not give up after Cuzco was conquered. Resistance to the Sp rule continued for 40 yrs. The Inca also were able to keep there culture alive into modern day, 20 million Inca descendants still speak quechua today.