Download secession

Warm-up for 12.9.11
What does the word
“Antebellum” mean?
Define it, and use it in a
sentence.
Pg. 207
3 S’s or Causes of the Civil War
SLAVERY
DEFINITION:
 The practice of enslaving human beings
 4 million slaves in 1860 (31 mil). Over 400,000 in GA –
45% of population of the state.
http://www.teachingamericanhistory.org/neh/interactives/sectionalism/lesson1
CLICK ON SLAVERY TAB
SLAVERY
Viewpoint of the SOUTH
 The South’s economy  based on agricultural;
therefore, there was a high demand/need for
slaves.
– Southern plantations generated 75% of the world's
cotton supply.
– Cotton = 60% of American exports ($200 million/yr)
– Total value of slaves = $4 billion
 The South was TERRIFIED that government
leaders in the North would abolish slavery or not
allow it to spread into new states being formed in
the west.
http://www.teachingamericanhistory.org/neh/interactives/sectionalism/lesson1
CLICK ON INDUSTRY, AGRICULTURE, COTTON, AND IMMIGRATION TABS
SLAVERY
Viewpoint of the NORTH
 The North was highly industrial and had an
enormous immigrant population to work in
its factories, and didn’t have much demand
for slaves.
– By 1860, the North sold more than $60,000,000 in
goods to export
 Major industries –textiles, shipping, ship-building,
iron/steel production, and mining
 Northern govt. officials not interested in
ending slavery in the slave states, but
instead in keeping newly admitted states
from becoming slave states.
Warm-up 12.12.11: What changes are occurring from
1830-1860 in the United States?
1830
1845
1850
http://www.teachingamericanhistory.org/neh/interactives/sectionalism/lesson3/
1860
Warm-up for 01.04.11
DO NOT COPY QUOTE! READ AND RECORD / RESPOND TO QUESTION BELOW.
"A house divided against itself cannot stand." I believe this
government cannot endure, permanently, half slave and half free.
I do not expect the Union to be dissolved — I do not expect the
house to fall — but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will
become all one thing or all the other. Either the opponents of
slavery will arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the
public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of
ultimate extinction; or its advocates will push it forward, till it shall
become alike lawful in all the States, old as well as new — North
as well as South.
~ “A House Divided” Speech, 1858. Written by
What did the quote above predict regarding slavery?
If you had lived before the Civil War, would you have
agreed with this idea, and why/why not?
Warm-up for 12.12.11
What is the purpose of a
compromise? Are all parties
guaranteed to be happy after
a compromise is reached?
SLAVERY
THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE
TURN TO PG. 222 in your
textbook .
- We will be reading about an
event in US History known as
The Missouri Compromise
EXAMPLE 1 - COMPROMISES OVER SLAVERY
Missouri
Compromise of 1820
Compromise of
1850
Kansas-Nebraska
Act
Missouri
Compromise of
1820
Compromise of
1850
1. Maine admitted
as free state
and Missouri
admitted as a
slave state
2. The measure of
prohibited
slavery north or
36’20’ latitude
1.
Kansas-Nebraska
Act
Admitted
1. Created
California as a
territories of
free state,
Nebraska and
2. Organized the
Missouri under
Utah and New
clause of
Mexico territories,
popular
3. Abolished the slave
sovereignty
trade, in
1.
Pop. sov. =
Washington, D.C.
residents of U.S.
4. Strengthened the
territories should
be able to decide
1793 Fugitive
by voting whether
Slave Act (e.g., alleged
fugitive slaves were not
permitted to testify in their own
defense and the trial
commissioner was paid $10 for
a conviction, only $5 for an
acquittal).
or not slavery
would be allowed
in the territory.
SLAVERY
THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE
 The first official disagreement over
new territories being free or slave
came in 1820.
 By the end of 1819, there were 11
free states and 11 slave states.
 In 1820, two new states, Maine and
Missouri, wanted to enter the
Union.
SLAVERY
THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE
 Congress had to decide whether to
admit them in as free states or
slave states.
 An amendment was introduced in
the House by James Tallmadge, a
New York Representative, to ban
slavery in Missouri.
 At the time, Missouri had about
2,000 slaves.
SLAVERY
THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE
 When the amendment was voted
on, it passed in the House.
 In the Senate, where the amount of
slave state representatives was
equal to the amount of free states
representatives, there was a tie.
 A heated battle started between
the representatives from the
Northern and Southern states.
SLAVERY
THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE
 A compromise was reached:
CLICK LINK ABOVE
FOR INTERACTIVE
FLASH MAP
Missouri Compromise –
– Maine would enter the Union as a free
state and Missouri would enter as a
slave state.
– It stated that there would be no slavery
north of the 36’30’ degree latitude line.
This included any lands west of the
southern boundary of Missouri.
COPY ONTO COMPROMISE ORGANIZER!
Warm-up for 12.13.11
The purpose of the Missouri Compromise
was to
A. Return slaves captured in free states
to slave state
B. Allow slavery in Maine but not in
Missouri
C. Maintain a balance of free and slave
states
D. Let Missouri have slavery until 1850
JUST COPY QUESTION AND FULL CORRECT ANSWER!
Warm-up for 12.13.11
The purpose of the Missouri Compromise
was to
C. Maintain a balance of free and slave
states
YAY for lasting Compromise!!!!!
Our problems are solved!!!!!
Well…..
Not exactly.
SLAVERY
THE COMPROMISE OF 1850
 Turn to p. 223
 In 1850, the issue of slavery came up again.
 There were 15 slave states and 15 free states.
 California had been settled heavily from the Gold
Rush and wanted to be admitted to the Union as a
free state.
 This would throw off the balance between slave
and free states.
 This debate became known as “The Great
Debate,” and Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky
proposed a compromise.
SLAVERY
THE COMPROMISE OF 1850
The Compromise of 1850 –
CLICK LINK ABOVE
FOR INTERACTIVE
FLASH MAP
 1.) California = free state
 2.) Slave trade = ended in Washington, D.C.
 3.) Utah and New Mexico territories would vote
to become slave or free states
 4.) Strengthened the 1793 Fugitive Slave Act
(Alleged fugitive slaves not permitted to testify in their
own defense. Trial commissioner was paid $10 for a
conviction, only $5 for an acquittal)
COPY ONTO COMPROMISE ORGANIZER!
THE GEORGIA PLATFORM
Please start reading on pg. 243 in your textbook
beginning with the paragraph that starts with,
“The 1850s brought…” Stop reading at the end of
the 1st par. on pg. 244 (before “ Not long after…”).
Be able to answer the following questions if you
are called on:
1. Did most Georgians like the Compromise
of 1850?
2. Why were they persuaded to accept it?
3. What was the “Georgia Platform”?
SLAVERY
THE COMPROMISE OF 1850
The Georgia Platform–
CLICK LINK ABOVE
FOR INTERACTIVE
FLASH MAP
 Although unpopular, members of General
Assembly (Alexander Stephens) asked
GAns to accept The GA Platform which
stated the Compromise was necessary if
GA were to stay in the Union.
COPY ONTO COMPROMISE ORGANIZER!
YAY for lasting Compromise!!!!!
Our problems are solved!!!!!
Well…..
Not exactly.
SLAVERY
THE KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT
 Pg. 225 in textbook
 The issue of slavery came up again
in 1854.
 More lands were being settled west
of Missouri and those areas
wanted to be admitted to the
Union.
SLAVERY
CLICK LINK TO THE
LEFT FOR
THE KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT
INTERACTIVE
FLASH MAP
Stephen Douglas of Illinois brought about passage of the…
 Kansas-Nebraska Act –1854 - created territories of Nebraska
and Kansas under clause of popular
sovereignty
–Popular sovereignty = any territory
wanting admittance to the Union would
be able to decide whether to enter as a
free or slave state.
COPY ONTO COMPROMISE ORGANIZER!
http://www.teachingamericanhistory.org/neh/interactives/sectionalism/lesson3/
1860
YAY for lasting Compromise!!!!!
Our problems are solved!!!!!
Well…..
Not exactly.
SLAVERY
THE KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT
 This angered many northerners because
this changed the decision of the Missouri
Compromise.
 The battle became very heated as
abolitionist promised to send freesoilers, or
people against slavery, into Kansas and
Nebraska with guns to oppose slavery, while
proslavery people promised to send men,
border ruffians, to fight for slavery.
 This resulted in so much bloodshed in
Kansas, that it became known as “Bleeding
Kansas”
• Years of attacks
between “freesoilers” and
“border ruffians”
• A little over 50 total
dead (@ 200 in several
yrs. Of fighting)
• People were tarred and
feathered, kidnapped,
killed. Hotels, homes ,
stores, and printing
presses were destroyed.
• John Brown (4 sons)
hacked up 5 proslavery
advocates outside their
home.
•Abolitionist Minister
Henry Ward Beecher
sent northern settlers out
with “Beecher’s Bibles”
SLAVERY
THE KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT
 Congress rejected Kansas’s bid for
admittance as a slave state.
 This made the southern states
realize that northern votes could
keep slave states from entering the
Union.
Warm-up for 12.16.11
 What was meant by Chief
Justice Roger Taney when he
said that Africans “had no rights
that the white man was bound
to respect?”
Warm-up for 12.16.11
 If someone told you that you
had no rights that they were
bound to respect, would you be
mad? Why or why not?
 If someone told you that you
had no rights that they were
bound to respect, would you be
mad? Why or why not?
Warm-up for 12.19.11
Which statement explains how the Dred Scott
decision pushed the nation closer to war?
A. The Supreme Court ruled that, while slaves
were citizens, they could not sue.
B. The Supreme Court ruled that slavery was
not a legal right of the southern states.
C. The Supreme Court ruled that the federal
government could not stop slavery in
territories.
D. The Supreme Court ruled that slave owners
had to be reimbursed for slaves who
escaped on the Underground Railroad.
Dred Scott
SLAVERY
Scott v. Sanford (1857)
 In 1834, Dred Scott was taken by
his owner from Missouri (S) to
Illinois (F) and Wisconsin territory
(F).
 When he returned to Missouri,
Scott filed a lawsuit claiming he
was free because he had lived in a
free state.
SLAVERY
DRED SCOTT
 Abolitionists raised enough money to take
the case to the U.S. Supreme Court.
 The court said that he could not sue
because he was a slave (personal
property) and not a US citizen.
 The court also stated that Congress had
no right to stop slavery in western
territories -- like they had done with
Kansas.
SLAVERY
JOHN BROWN’S RAID (1859)
SLAVERY
JOHN BROWN’S RAID
 John was an abolitionist that hated
slavery.
 He wanted to help the slaves to
freedom, so he planned a raid.
 He needed lots of guns and
ammunition, so he and his
followers raided a federal arsenal
at Harpers Ferry in Virginia.
SLAVERY
JOHN BROWN’S RAID
 They killed the mayor
and made prisoners of
forty citizens in
Harper’s Ferry,
Virginia. They then
took over a building at
a railroad station.
 Within 24 hours,
troops led by Colonel
Robert E. Lee
captured Brown.
SLAVERY
JOHN BROWN’S RAID
 He was taken to court and charged
with treason and was sentenced to be
hanged.
 He said that he was happy to die for
God’s eternal truth.
 Southerners saw him as a murderer
and were afraid that others would
follow his example.
 Northerners didn’t like the killings but
thought he was a hero.
“I, John Brown, am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never
be purged away but with blood. I had, as I now think vainly, flattered myself that,
without very much bloodshed, it might be done.” - last words in a letter to a jailor
2nd S of the Civil War:
SECTIONALISM
• The belief that one’s own section or region’s
interests or values are more important than
another region’s interests.
2nd S of the Civil War:
SECTIONALISM
Viewpoint of the NORTH:
 In order for the US to work as ONE
nation, the laws created by federal
government should be followed by
ALL states.
 “BIG national government, small
states’ rights”
– Ex. = The US House passing higher tariffs on
imported goods in order to protect their own
factories from overseas competition. Drove
price of goods up for Southerners  South felt
like it was being taken advantage of & wanted
to repeal the tariffs.
Working for the
common good!
2nd S of the Civil War:
Meeting individual
needs!
SECTIONALISM
Viewpoint of the SOUTH
 The South believed in state’s
rights.
– States had the right to govern
themselves and to decide what
would be best for their own needs
and situation.
 Ex. = a politician from Maine or
New York couldn’t possibly
understand the needs of a state
like GA.
– This meant “BIG states’ rights,
small national government”
2nd S of the Civil War:
SECTIONALISM
 The South also believed in nullification.
– If a state finds a federal law unfair or
unconstitutional they can declare it invalid and not
obey it.
Your
thoughts…
- Good or bad?
- Modern-day
examples?
3rd S of the Civil War:
SECESSION
• The formal act of withdrawing from the Union.
3rd S of the Civil War:
Secession
Viewpoint of the NORTH:
 Secession is unlawful and threatens the
very principles our nation was founded on.
Viewpoint of the SOUTH:
 By 1861, many southerners felt that the only
option was to secede from the union.
 Secession is not unlawful and will allow both
regions to live as they wish and in peace.
The Election of 1860
And, in this
corner…
Stephen
Douglass
Abraham
Lincoln
• 4 different candidates –
Douglass (N. Dem), Lincoln
(Rep), Breckinridge (S. Dem),
and Bell (CUP)
John C.
Breckinridge
John Bell
The Election of 1860
 With the Democrats divided, Lincoln won the
election easily.
 Southerners feared that a Republican victory
would encourage radicals like John Brown to
try and free slaves.
 Even though Lincoln and the Republican party
promised to leave slavery alone in the areas
that it existed, southerners did not trust them.
 The South cast only 16,000 votes for Lincoln.
Won without 1 single electoral vote from a
southern state. Not even one vote was cast for
Lincoln in GA!
The Role of Alexander
StephenS…
 Most Georgians supported S.
Carolina’s decision to secede except
for Alexander Stephens (a GAn). He
thought GA should stay with the
Union.
 On January 19, 1861, Georgia
officially declared itself an
independent republic.
 Alexander Stephens goes on to be
Vice President of the Confederate
States of America.
3rd S of the Civil War:
STYLE
 Style: Short for lifestyle. The lifestyles
of the north was very different from the south.
3rd S of the Civil War:
STYLE
N
Had several large cities with museums,
operas, lectures and theater. People might
spend afternoons at large dinner parties or
dances.
S
There were few large cities (Charleston,
Richmond, Savannah, and Augusta).
People had little time for parties or dances.
Most free time was spent at religious
revivals, quilting bees, or hunting.
4th S of the Civil War:
STRUCTURE
Structure: Short for class structure. The
position one group has in relation to others.
4th S of the Civil War:
STRUCTURE
S
• Social structure was very important. It was based
on land and slaves. It was almost impossible to
move from one group to another.
 A small group (5%) of wealthy planters was at the
top.
 Next was the middle class of yeoman farmers
(75%)
4th S of the Civil War:
S
STRUCTURE
 Next came the poor whites who either
owned very small farms, worked at low
paying jobs, or lived off of others as
squatters.
– “poor white trash”
 Free blacks were on the bottom but seen as
being above the slaves.
 Last on the ladder were the slaves.
4th S of the Civil War:
N
STRUCTURE
 In the north, social structure was tied to
wealth. It was easier for people to move up
on the ladder.
 Many people worked in industry and had an
opportunity to go to school, travel ,and take
part in cultural activities.
 The north did not agree with the south’s
social structure and considered it cruel, but
the south was not ready to change.
5th S of the Civil War:
Solvency
• The ability to pay debts
• Has to do primarily with tariffs (taxes placed
on imported goods)
5th S of the Civil War:
Solvency
N
Congress passed laws instituting
tariffs on all imported goods from
Great Britain.
 This was done to force the south to
buy from the northern factories.
5th S of the Civil War:
S
Solvency
The south bought many goods from Great
Britain, so this hurt them by making them
have to pay more for their goods.
 In 1832, South Carolina threatened to
secede because the tariff was too high.
 So, Congress created a compromise,
written by Henry Clay, that reduced the
tariff over a ten year period to help the
south out.
5th S of the Civil War:
Solvency
N
 In the Panic of 1857, (a depression),
many northern factories went
bankrupt. Most of these factories
were built with borrowed money, so
when they went bankrupt, they could
not repay the debt.
5th S of the Civil War:
Solvency
N
 Northern representatives asked
Congress to raise the tariff on all
imported goods.
The south refused to support the
tariffs to help the northern factories.
This caused many debates and hurt
feelings between the two sides.
 See page 227 for more info.
6th S of the Civil War:
SECESSION
• The formal act of withdrawing from the Union.
• By 1861, many southerners felt that the only option was to
secede from the union.
6th S of the Civil War:
SECESSION
• Many new political parties were created or
dismantled during this time.
• Democrat: were for state’s rights and took a
strong stand on slavery.
• Whigs: mostly members of the upper class.
They favored more help from the federal
government, with some favoring slavery.
•By 1854, a third party was created called the
“Know-Nothing Party”. This party took the stand
of opposing the new immigrants coming into the
country.
6th S of the Civil War:
SECESSION
• Also, in 1854, the Republican Party was
formed from anti-slavery Whigs and
Democrats.
• This party took the stand of opposing the
spread of slavery.
• The Whig party was dissolved with the
creation of the Republican party.
• The South quickly became seen as
majority Democrat and the North being
Republican.
6th S of the Civil War:
SECESSION
 In 1858, Democrat Stephen Douglas and
newcomer Abraham Lincoln were both in
the running for the Senate. Stephen
Douglas was seen as a likely candidate for
President in the 1860 election.
 Douglas disliked slavery, but thought that
the controversy interfered with the nation.
He believed that popular sovereignty would
solve the matter.
6th S of the Civil War:
SECESSION
 Lincoln was a lawyer from Illinois that was
unknown.
 He saw slavery as morally wrong, but
thought that ending it where it already
existed was almost impossible. He did want
to stop the spread of it to other areas.
 Lincoln challenged Douglas to seven
different debates where the main topic was
slavery.
6th S of the Civil War:
SECESSION
 Lincoln warned the nation that the
issue of slavery would inevitably
bring the dissolution of the union.
 Douglas accused Lincoln of
contributing to the breakup of the
union.
6th S of the Civil War:
SECESSION
 The election of 1860 became a very hot topic
across the nation.
 The Democrats met to choose the presidential
candidate
– Northern Democrats pick Stephen Douglas
– Southern Democrats wanted someone to protect
slavery in the territories, so they walked out on the
convention.
 Southern Democrats met in Richmond, VA and chose
John Breckinridge, the current Vice President, as their
choice. They took the position that no one could stop
citizens from taking slaves into any western territory.
6th S of the Civil War:
SECESSION
 In the end, the Republican Party chose
Abraham Lincoln as their candidate.
 A fourth party was formed called the
Constitutional Union Party. They
nominated John Bell. They took no
official position on slavery.
6th S of the Civil War:
SECESSION
 Southerners feared that a Republican
victory would encourage radicals like John
Brown to try and free slaves.
 With the Democrats divided, Lincoln won
the election easily.
 Even though Lincoln and the Republican
party promised to leave slavery alone in
the areas that it existed, southerners did
not trust them.
6th S of the Civil War:
SECESSION
 On Dec. 20, 1860, South Carolina held a
special convention and voted to secede (or
withdraw) from the union.
 Leaders in Washington D.C. worked to try
and create a compromise.
 Senator John Crittenden proposed a series
of amendments to the Constitution. The
main point said that slavery would be
protected below the 36 degree lat. line.
6th S of the Civil War:
SECESSION
 Lincoln and Republicans would not
accept this. They stated that they won
the election based on the fact that no
more territories would enter as slave
states, so they would not give in now.
 Southern leaders felt doomed and stated
“We split on every plan to compromise,”
“No human power can save the Union.”
6th S of the Civil War:
SECESSION
 Most Georgians supported S. Carolina’s
secession except for Alexander
Stephens.
 On January 16, 1861, GA’s Governor
requested a special meeting.
– 208 of the 297 delegates voted to leave the
Union.
 On January 19, 1861, Georgia officially
declared itself an independent republic.
6th S of the Civil War:
SECESSION
 By February 1861, Florida, Alabama,
Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas had voted
to secede.
 On February 4, 1861, delegates from each
of these states met and formed a new nation
called the Confederate States of America.
 Jefferson Davis of Mississippi was elected
President, and Robert Toombs of Ga. The
secretary of State. Alexander Stephens of
GA was named Vice President.
6th S of the Civil War:
SECESSION
Jefferson
Davis
Alexander
Stephens
6th S of the Civil War:
SECESSION
 N
– This region, with its large number of electoral
votes, caused Abraham Lincoln to be elected
president.
– Lincoln stood for ideas that Northerners liked:
free land out west, higher tariffs to protect
American jobs, no slavery in western territories,
and an increase in industry and railroads
– Saw secession of southern states as unnecessary
and against the law.
– Goal was to “preserve the Union” at whatever
cost
6th S of the Civil War:
SECESSION
 S
– Cast only 16,000 votes for Abe Lincoln. Won
without 1 single electoral vote from a southern
state. Not even one vote was cast for Lincoln
in GA!
– Lincoln stood for ideas that Southerners were
afraid of, and they saw his election as a sign
that their section’s rights would be ignored.
– Southerners, including GA, were mostly for
the Union, but they were even more for states’
rights.
6th S of the Civil War:
SECESSION
S – Continued –
– Southern states saw secession as their legal
right. Wanted to quietly secede without
conflict.
– S.C. was first to secede. GA was torn over
decision and Alexander Stephens warned
against secession, but GA secedes in Nov.
1860
 Stephens goes on to become the
Confederacy’s vice president