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Warm-up for 12.9.11 What does the word “Antebellum” mean? Define it, and use it in a sentence. Pg. 207 3 S’s or Causes of the Civil War SLAVERY DEFINITION: The practice of enslaving human beings 4 million slaves in 1860 (31 mil). Over 400,000 in GA – 45% of population of the state. http://www.teachingamericanhistory.org/neh/interactives/sectionalism/lesson1 CLICK ON SLAVERY TAB SLAVERY Viewpoint of the SOUTH The South’s economy based on agricultural; therefore, there was a high demand/need for slaves. – Southern plantations generated 75% of the world's cotton supply. – Cotton = 60% of American exports ($200 million/yr) – Total value of slaves = $4 billion The South was TERRIFIED that government leaders in the North would abolish slavery or not allow it to spread into new states being formed in the west. http://www.teachingamericanhistory.org/neh/interactives/sectionalism/lesson1 CLICK ON INDUSTRY, AGRICULTURE, COTTON, AND IMMIGRATION TABS SLAVERY Viewpoint of the NORTH The North was highly industrial and had an enormous immigrant population to work in its factories, and didn’t have much demand for slaves. – By 1860, the North sold more than $60,000,000 in goods to export Major industries –textiles, shipping, ship-building, iron/steel production, and mining Northern govt. officials not interested in ending slavery in the slave states, but instead in keeping newly admitted states from becoming slave states. Warm-up 12.12.11: What changes are occurring from 1830-1860 in the United States? 1830 1845 1850 http://www.teachingamericanhistory.org/neh/interactives/sectionalism/lesson3/ 1860 Warm-up for 01.04.11 DO NOT COPY QUOTE! READ AND RECORD / RESPOND TO QUESTION BELOW. "A house divided against itself cannot stand." I believe this government cannot endure, permanently, half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved — I do not expect the house to fall — but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing or all the other. Either the opponents of slavery will arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction; or its advocates will push it forward, till it shall become alike lawful in all the States, old as well as new — North as well as South. ~ “A House Divided” Speech, 1858. Written by What did the quote above predict regarding slavery? If you had lived before the Civil War, would you have agreed with this idea, and why/why not? Warm-up for 12.12.11 What is the purpose of a compromise? Are all parties guaranteed to be happy after a compromise is reached? SLAVERY THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE TURN TO PG. 222 in your textbook . - We will be reading about an event in US History known as The Missouri Compromise EXAMPLE 1 - COMPROMISES OVER SLAVERY Missouri Compromise of 1820 Compromise of 1850 Kansas-Nebraska Act Missouri Compromise of 1820 Compromise of 1850 1. Maine admitted as free state and Missouri admitted as a slave state 2. The measure of prohibited slavery north or 36’20’ latitude 1. Kansas-Nebraska Act Admitted 1. Created California as a territories of free state, Nebraska and 2. Organized the Missouri under Utah and New clause of Mexico territories, popular 3. Abolished the slave sovereignty trade, in 1. Pop. sov. = Washington, D.C. residents of U.S. 4. Strengthened the territories should be able to decide 1793 Fugitive by voting whether Slave Act (e.g., alleged fugitive slaves were not permitted to testify in their own defense and the trial commissioner was paid $10 for a conviction, only $5 for an acquittal). or not slavery would be allowed in the territory. SLAVERY THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE The first official disagreement over new territories being free or slave came in 1820. By the end of 1819, there were 11 free states and 11 slave states. In 1820, two new states, Maine and Missouri, wanted to enter the Union. SLAVERY THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE Congress had to decide whether to admit them in as free states or slave states. An amendment was introduced in the House by James Tallmadge, a New York Representative, to ban slavery in Missouri. At the time, Missouri had about 2,000 slaves. SLAVERY THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE When the amendment was voted on, it passed in the House. In the Senate, where the amount of slave state representatives was equal to the amount of free states representatives, there was a tie. A heated battle started between the representatives from the Northern and Southern states. SLAVERY THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE A compromise was reached: CLICK LINK ABOVE FOR INTERACTIVE FLASH MAP Missouri Compromise – – Maine would enter the Union as a free state and Missouri would enter as a slave state. – It stated that there would be no slavery north of the 36’30’ degree latitude line. This included any lands west of the southern boundary of Missouri. COPY ONTO COMPROMISE ORGANIZER! Warm-up for 12.13.11 The purpose of the Missouri Compromise was to A. Return slaves captured in free states to slave state B. Allow slavery in Maine but not in Missouri C. Maintain a balance of free and slave states D. Let Missouri have slavery until 1850 JUST COPY QUESTION AND FULL CORRECT ANSWER! Warm-up for 12.13.11 The purpose of the Missouri Compromise was to C. Maintain a balance of free and slave states YAY for lasting Compromise!!!!! Our problems are solved!!!!! Well….. Not exactly. SLAVERY THE COMPROMISE OF 1850 Turn to p. 223 In 1850, the issue of slavery came up again. There were 15 slave states and 15 free states. California had been settled heavily from the Gold Rush and wanted to be admitted to the Union as a free state. This would throw off the balance between slave and free states. This debate became known as “The Great Debate,” and Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky proposed a compromise. SLAVERY THE COMPROMISE OF 1850 The Compromise of 1850 – CLICK LINK ABOVE FOR INTERACTIVE FLASH MAP 1.) California = free state 2.) Slave trade = ended in Washington, D.C. 3.) Utah and New Mexico territories would vote to become slave or free states 4.) Strengthened the 1793 Fugitive Slave Act (Alleged fugitive slaves not permitted to testify in their own defense. Trial commissioner was paid $10 for a conviction, only $5 for an acquittal) COPY ONTO COMPROMISE ORGANIZER! THE GEORGIA PLATFORM Please start reading on pg. 243 in your textbook beginning with the paragraph that starts with, “The 1850s brought…” Stop reading at the end of the 1st par. on pg. 244 (before “ Not long after…”). Be able to answer the following questions if you are called on: 1. Did most Georgians like the Compromise of 1850? 2. Why were they persuaded to accept it? 3. What was the “Georgia Platform”? SLAVERY THE COMPROMISE OF 1850 The Georgia Platform– CLICK LINK ABOVE FOR INTERACTIVE FLASH MAP Although unpopular, members of General Assembly (Alexander Stephens) asked GAns to accept The GA Platform which stated the Compromise was necessary if GA were to stay in the Union. COPY ONTO COMPROMISE ORGANIZER! YAY for lasting Compromise!!!!! Our problems are solved!!!!! Well….. Not exactly. SLAVERY THE KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT Pg. 225 in textbook The issue of slavery came up again in 1854. More lands were being settled west of Missouri and those areas wanted to be admitted to the Union. SLAVERY CLICK LINK TO THE LEFT FOR THE KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT INTERACTIVE FLASH MAP Stephen Douglas of Illinois brought about passage of the… Kansas-Nebraska Act –1854 - created territories of Nebraska and Kansas under clause of popular sovereignty –Popular sovereignty = any territory wanting admittance to the Union would be able to decide whether to enter as a free or slave state. COPY ONTO COMPROMISE ORGANIZER! http://www.teachingamericanhistory.org/neh/interactives/sectionalism/lesson3/ 1860 YAY for lasting Compromise!!!!! Our problems are solved!!!!! Well….. Not exactly. SLAVERY THE KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT This angered many northerners because this changed the decision of the Missouri Compromise. The battle became very heated as abolitionist promised to send freesoilers, or people against slavery, into Kansas and Nebraska with guns to oppose slavery, while proslavery people promised to send men, border ruffians, to fight for slavery. This resulted in so much bloodshed in Kansas, that it became known as “Bleeding Kansas” • Years of attacks between “freesoilers” and “border ruffians” • A little over 50 total dead (@ 200 in several yrs. Of fighting) • People were tarred and feathered, kidnapped, killed. Hotels, homes , stores, and printing presses were destroyed. • John Brown (4 sons) hacked up 5 proslavery advocates outside their home. •Abolitionist Minister Henry Ward Beecher sent northern settlers out with “Beecher’s Bibles” SLAVERY THE KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT Congress rejected Kansas’s bid for admittance as a slave state. This made the southern states realize that northern votes could keep slave states from entering the Union. Warm-up for 12.16.11 What was meant by Chief Justice Roger Taney when he said that Africans “had no rights that the white man was bound to respect?” Warm-up for 12.16.11 If someone told you that you had no rights that they were bound to respect, would you be mad? Why or why not? If someone told you that you had no rights that they were bound to respect, would you be mad? Why or why not? Warm-up for 12.19.11 Which statement explains how the Dred Scott decision pushed the nation closer to war? A. The Supreme Court ruled that, while slaves were citizens, they could not sue. B. The Supreme Court ruled that slavery was not a legal right of the southern states. C. The Supreme Court ruled that the federal government could not stop slavery in territories. D. The Supreme Court ruled that slave owners had to be reimbursed for slaves who escaped on the Underground Railroad. Dred Scott SLAVERY Scott v. Sanford (1857) In 1834, Dred Scott was taken by his owner from Missouri (S) to Illinois (F) and Wisconsin territory (F). When he returned to Missouri, Scott filed a lawsuit claiming he was free because he had lived in a free state. SLAVERY DRED SCOTT Abolitionists raised enough money to take the case to the U.S. Supreme Court. The court said that he could not sue because he was a slave (personal property) and not a US citizen. The court also stated that Congress had no right to stop slavery in western territories -- like they had done with Kansas. SLAVERY JOHN BROWN’S RAID (1859) SLAVERY JOHN BROWN’S RAID John was an abolitionist that hated slavery. He wanted to help the slaves to freedom, so he planned a raid. He needed lots of guns and ammunition, so he and his followers raided a federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry in Virginia. SLAVERY JOHN BROWN’S RAID They killed the mayor and made prisoners of forty citizens in Harper’s Ferry, Virginia. They then took over a building at a railroad station. Within 24 hours, troops led by Colonel Robert E. Lee captured Brown. SLAVERY JOHN BROWN’S RAID He was taken to court and charged with treason and was sentenced to be hanged. He said that he was happy to die for God’s eternal truth. Southerners saw him as a murderer and were afraid that others would follow his example. Northerners didn’t like the killings but thought he was a hero. “I, John Brown, am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with blood. I had, as I now think vainly, flattered myself that, without very much bloodshed, it might be done.” - last words in a letter to a jailor 2nd S of the Civil War: SECTIONALISM • The belief that one’s own section or region’s interests or values are more important than another region’s interests. 2nd S of the Civil War: SECTIONALISM Viewpoint of the NORTH: In order for the US to work as ONE nation, the laws created by federal government should be followed by ALL states. “BIG national government, small states’ rights” – Ex. = The US House passing higher tariffs on imported goods in order to protect their own factories from overseas competition. Drove price of goods up for Southerners South felt like it was being taken advantage of & wanted to repeal the tariffs. Working for the common good! 2nd S of the Civil War: Meeting individual needs! SECTIONALISM Viewpoint of the SOUTH The South believed in state’s rights. – States had the right to govern themselves and to decide what would be best for their own needs and situation. Ex. = a politician from Maine or New York couldn’t possibly understand the needs of a state like GA. – This meant “BIG states’ rights, small national government” 2nd S of the Civil War: SECTIONALISM The South also believed in nullification. – If a state finds a federal law unfair or unconstitutional they can declare it invalid and not obey it. Your thoughts… - Good or bad? - Modern-day examples? 3rd S of the Civil War: SECESSION • The formal act of withdrawing from the Union. 3rd S of the Civil War: Secession Viewpoint of the NORTH: Secession is unlawful and threatens the very principles our nation was founded on. Viewpoint of the SOUTH: By 1861, many southerners felt that the only option was to secede from the union. Secession is not unlawful and will allow both regions to live as they wish and in peace. The Election of 1860 And, in this corner… Stephen Douglass Abraham Lincoln • 4 different candidates – Douglass (N. Dem), Lincoln (Rep), Breckinridge (S. Dem), and Bell (CUP) John C. Breckinridge John Bell The Election of 1860 With the Democrats divided, Lincoln won the election easily. Southerners feared that a Republican victory would encourage radicals like John Brown to try and free slaves. Even though Lincoln and the Republican party promised to leave slavery alone in the areas that it existed, southerners did not trust them. The South cast only 16,000 votes for Lincoln. Won without 1 single electoral vote from a southern state. Not even one vote was cast for Lincoln in GA! The Role of Alexander StephenS… Most Georgians supported S. Carolina’s decision to secede except for Alexander Stephens (a GAn). He thought GA should stay with the Union. On January 19, 1861, Georgia officially declared itself an independent republic. Alexander Stephens goes on to be Vice President of the Confederate States of America. 3rd S of the Civil War: STYLE Style: Short for lifestyle. The lifestyles of the north was very different from the south. 3rd S of the Civil War: STYLE N Had several large cities with museums, operas, lectures and theater. People might spend afternoons at large dinner parties or dances. S There were few large cities (Charleston, Richmond, Savannah, and Augusta). People had little time for parties or dances. Most free time was spent at religious revivals, quilting bees, or hunting. 4th S of the Civil War: STRUCTURE Structure: Short for class structure. The position one group has in relation to others. 4th S of the Civil War: STRUCTURE S • Social structure was very important. It was based on land and slaves. It was almost impossible to move from one group to another. A small group (5%) of wealthy planters was at the top. Next was the middle class of yeoman farmers (75%) 4th S of the Civil War: S STRUCTURE Next came the poor whites who either owned very small farms, worked at low paying jobs, or lived off of others as squatters. – “poor white trash” Free blacks were on the bottom but seen as being above the slaves. Last on the ladder were the slaves. 4th S of the Civil War: N STRUCTURE In the north, social structure was tied to wealth. It was easier for people to move up on the ladder. Many people worked in industry and had an opportunity to go to school, travel ,and take part in cultural activities. The north did not agree with the south’s social structure and considered it cruel, but the south was not ready to change. 5th S of the Civil War: Solvency • The ability to pay debts • Has to do primarily with tariffs (taxes placed on imported goods) 5th S of the Civil War: Solvency N Congress passed laws instituting tariffs on all imported goods from Great Britain. This was done to force the south to buy from the northern factories. 5th S of the Civil War: S Solvency The south bought many goods from Great Britain, so this hurt them by making them have to pay more for their goods. In 1832, South Carolina threatened to secede because the tariff was too high. So, Congress created a compromise, written by Henry Clay, that reduced the tariff over a ten year period to help the south out. 5th S of the Civil War: Solvency N In the Panic of 1857, (a depression), many northern factories went bankrupt. Most of these factories were built with borrowed money, so when they went bankrupt, they could not repay the debt. 5th S of the Civil War: Solvency N Northern representatives asked Congress to raise the tariff on all imported goods. The south refused to support the tariffs to help the northern factories. This caused many debates and hurt feelings between the two sides. See page 227 for more info. 6th S of the Civil War: SECESSION • The formal act of withdrawing from the Union. • By 1861, many southerners felt that the only option was to secede from the union. 6th S of the Civil War: SECESSION • Many new political parties were created or dismantled during this time. • Democrat: were for state’s rights and took a strong stand on slavery. • Whigs: mostly members of the upper class. They favored more help from the federal government, with some favoring slavery. •By 1854, a third party was created called the “Know-Nothing Party”. This party took the stand of opposing the new immigrants coming into the country. 6th S of the Civil War: SECESSION • Also, in 1854, the Republican Party was formed from anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats. • This party took the stand of opposing the spread of slavery. • The Whig party was dissolved with the creation of the Republican party. • The South quickly became seen as majority Democrat and the North being Republican. 6th S of the Civil War: SECESSION In 1858, Democrat Stephen Douglas and newcomer Abraham Lincoln were both in the running for the Senate. Stephen Douglas was seen as a likely candidate for President in the 1860 election. Douglas disliked slavery, but thought that the controversy interfered with the nation. He believed that popular sovereignty would solve the matter. 6th S of the Civil War: SECESSION Lincoln was a lawyer from Illinois that was unknown. He saw slavery as morally wrong, but thought that ending it where it already existed was almost impossible. He did want to stop the spread of it to other areas. Lincoln challenged Douglas to seven different debates where the main topic was slavery. 6th S of the Civil War: SECESSION Lincoln warned the nation that the issue of slavery would inevitably bring the dissolution of the union. Douglas accused Lincoln of contributing to the breakup of the union. 6th S of the Civil War: SECESSION The election of 1860 became a very hot topic across the nation. The Democrats met to choose the presidential candidate – Northern Democrats pick Stephen Douglas – Southern Democrats wanted someone to protect slavery in the territories, so they walked out on the convention. Southern Democrats met in Richmond, VA and chose John Breckinridge, the current Vice President, as their choice. They took the position that no one could stop citizens from taking slaves into any western territory. 6th S of the Civil War: SECESSION In the end, the Republican Party chose Abraham Lincoln as their candidate. A fourth party was formed called the Constitutional Union Party. They nominated John Bell. They took no official position on slavery. 6th S of the Civil War: SECESSION Southerners feared that a Republican victory would encourage radicals like John Brown to try and free slaves. With the Democrats divided, Lincoln won the election easily. Even though Lincoln and the Republican party promised to leave slavery alone in the areas that it existed, southerners did not trust them. 6th S of the Civil War: SECESSION On Dec. 20, 1860, South Carolina held a special convention and voted to secede (or withdraw) from the union. Leaders in Washington D.C. worked to try and create a compromise. Senator John Crittenden proposed a series of amendments to the Constitution. The main point said that slavery would be protected below the 36 degree lat. line. 6th S of the Civil War: SECESSION Lincoln and Republicans would not accept this. They stated that they won the election based on the fact that no more territories would enter as slave states, so they would not give in now. Southern leaders felt doomed and stated “We split on every plan to compromise,” “No human power can save the Union.” 6th S of the Civil War: SECESSION Most Georgians supported S. Carolina’s secession except for Alexander Stephens. On January 16, 1861, GA’s Governor requested a special meeting. – 208 of the 297 delegates voted to leave the Union. On January 19, 1861, Georgia officially declared itself an independent republic. 6th S of the Civil War: SECESSION By February 1861, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas had voted to secede. On February 4, 1861, delegates from each of these states met and formed a new nation called the Confederate States of America. Jefferson Davis of Mississippi was elected President, and Robert Toombs of Ga. The secretary of State. Alexander Stephens of GA was named Vice President. 6th S of the Civil War: SECESSION Jefferson Davis Alexander Stephens 6th S of the Civil War: SECESSION N – This region, with its large number of electoral votes, caused Abraham Lincoln to be elected president. – Lincoln stood for ideas that Northerners liked: free land out west, higher tariffs to protect American jobs, no slavery in western territories, and an increase in industry and railroads – Saw secession of southern states as unnecessary and against the law. – Goal was to “preserve the Union” at whatever cost 6th S of the Civil War: SECESSION S – Cast only 16,000 votes for Abe Lincoln. Won without 1 single electoral vote from a southern state. Not even one vote was cast for Lincoln in GA! – Lincoln stood for ideas that Southerners were afraid of, and they saw his election as a sign that their section’s rights would be ignored. – Southerners, including GA, were mostly for the Union, but they were even more for states’ rights. 6th S of the Civil War: SECESSION S – Continued – – Southern states saw secession as their legal right. Wanted to quietly secede without conflict. – S.C. was first to secede. GA was torn over decision and Alexander Stephens warned against secession, but GA secedes in Nov. 1860 Stephens goes on to become the Confederacy’s vice president