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Executive Branch Presidential Powers--Formal Military Power—Commander in Chief Expansive power even though Congress attempted to limit this power with War Powers Act of 1973 President must notify Congress within 48 hours and can only commit troops for 60 days unless Congress approves an extension Congress not likely to force president to withdraw troops Presidential Powers--Formal Diplomatic Power Treaties (2/3 Senate must ratify) Executive Agreements (force of treaty without Senate approval, only good for President’s term) Diplomatic Recognition Presidential Powers--Formal Appointment Power Roughly 3,000 Federal judges, ambassadors, cabinet heads 2/3 approval from Senate Can remove appointees without Senate approval except for judges Presidential Powers--Formal The power to say no Veto messagestatement that president sends to Congress accompanying bill w/in 10 days after bill has been passed (can be overridden by 2/3 vote of both chambers) Pocket vetoif president does not sign bill within 10 days and Congress has adjourned Line item vetoability of president to approve some parts of bills and not others Line Item Veto Act 1996 (gave Pres. Power to use line item veto in appropriations bills UnconstitutionalClinton v. City of New York Presidential Powers--Formal Convene Congress Can convene special sessions of Congress to get things done Must deliver State of the Union “from time to time”evolved into once per year Pardon Not used often, but president can release those convicted of crimes from punishment FordNixon, Carterdraft dodgers Presidential Powers--Informal Executive Privilegeability of president to argue that he/she does not have to divulge private communications (power has been limited) Separation of powers and national security argument US v. Nixon (1973)no absolute right to executive privileges Nixon v. Fitzgerald (1982) President can’t be sued for damages related to decisions made while in office Clinton v. Jones (1998)protections in Fitzgerald do not extend to civil suits Presidential Powers--Informal Impoundment Refusal to spend money that Congress has appropriated (authorization, appropriation) as a way to limit congressional power Budget Reform and Impoundment Act 1974 President must spend all appropriated funds unless Congress approves impoundment Presidential Powers--Informal Power of Economic Planning (government involvement in the economy) Federal Reserve System(1913) board appointed by President, approved by Senate for 14 year terms, chair is elected by board for 4 years FDRNew Deal Nixonwage and price controls during recession Presidential Powers--Informal Persuasion 3 audiences Washington insiders Party activists Washington outsiders Public 1 president but 535 members of Congress Increased technology/media makes it easier for President to get message across Presidential Powers--Informal Agenda Setting--ability of the President to set national policy priorities (Bush and social security, Obama and health care) implied from the idea that President must give the State of the Union Presidents have an advantage in foreign policy How powerful is the President? Overall trend is increase in presidential power Power of Economic Planning—increase Executive Privilege—decrease Impoundment of Funds—decrease Persuasion—increase Commander in Chief—increase