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Reconstruction Angela Brown http://www.archives.gov/research_room/research_topics/civil_ war/civil_war_photos.html Reconstruction • Americans struggled to rebuild the South from 1865-1877 • Four presidents were involved • • • • http://encarta.msn.com/ media_461530633/ American_Civil_War_ Destruction.html Physical and Human Toll • 2/3 of southern shipping destroyed • 9000 miles of railroads destroyed • Farms, livestock, homes, bridges destroyed • Property value dropped 70%. • The North had lost 364,000 soldiers including 38,000 African Americans. • The South lost 290,000 or 1/5th of its adult white men. • One out of three southern men were killed or wounded. • http://www.civil-war.net/cw_images/files/images/695.jpg Southerner’s Hardships • The south was made up of three major groups.. – Black Southerners – Plantation owners – Poor white southerners • http://www.cityofbarnesville.com • /5/images/2080.jpg Lincoln’s Plan • Lincoln wanted to restore the Union gently. http://www.sonofthesouth.net/Thomas _Nast/Thomas_Nast_Grant_Lee.jpg Provision One Offered a pardon to nearly all Southerners who pledged an oath of loyalty and accepted the elimination of slavery. http://www.nationalgeographic.com/railroad/j1.html Provision Two • Once 10 percent of a Confederate state’s voters had taken a loyalty oath, that state could resume full participation in the union. http://www.sonofthesouth.net/l eefoundation/Confederate_ Cabinet.htm Lincoln’s Plan • It denied pardons of all Confederate military and government officials and to southerners who had killed African American war prisoners. • It did not require the new constitutions to give voting rights to black Americans. • Nor did it “readmit” southern states to the Union. Lincoln viewed their succession as unconstitutional. http://valley.vcdh.virginia.edu/HIUS403/ freedmen/images/blackworkers.JPG Radical Republicans • Some Republicans criticized Lincoln’s plan as to easy on the South. • They wanted to punish the Confederate states and make major changes in the South. http://www.sonofthesouth.net/ Southern_Exiles.htm Congressional Reconstruction • Congress passed its own tough Reconstruction bill, the Wade Davis Act, in July 1864. • It proposed putting the South under military rule. • Lincoln refused to sign it. Abraham Lincoln http://www.civil-war.net/cw_images/files/images/188.jpg Lincoln’s Assassination • Lincoln was murdered by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865. • Vice-President Andrew Johnson became President. • A one-time slave owner from the South; with a strong hatred of southern planters. John Wilkes Booth http://www.civil-war.net/cw_images/files/images/198.jpg The Thirteenth Amendment • This amendment abolished slavery in the United States. • It became law in December 1865. http://www.sonofthesouth. net/slavery_pictures.htm Johnson’s Plan • Johnson’s plan was known as Presidential Reconstruction. • Johnson followed most of Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan. • He offered amnesty and the return of property to all Southerners who would take an oath of loyalty to the Union. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson More Generous to the South? • States were required to void secession, abolish slavery, and ratify the Thirteenth Amendment. • It officially denied pardons to all Confederate leaders but Johnson often issued pardons to those who asked him personally. • He pardoned 13,000 southerners in 1865. http://members.aol.com/historybks/images/gasoldr1.gif The Freedmen’s Bureau • Created by Congress in March 1865 to help black southerners adjust to freedom. • It was the first federal relief agency. • 250,000 African American students received their first formal education. • Largely dismantled in 1869 • http://cla.calpoly.edu/~lcall/204/freedmans_cartoon.jpg Black Codes • Laws that restricted freedmen’s rights. • Curfews (couldn’t gather after sunset) • Vagrancy Laws (not working = fined, whipped, sold for a year’s labor) • Labor Contracts (sign in January for a year) • Limits on women’s rights (forced farm labor) • Land restrictions (rent land or homes only in rural areas) http://www.africanaheritage.com/graphics/images /AfricanAmericanFamilyLiveOak400.jpg The Fourteenth Amendment • Outraged over the black codes… • The Radicals drafted a constitutional amendment which gave African Americans the rights of citizens. • Ratified by the states in 1868 http://www.schoolhousevideo.org/media/MRcartoon.jpg Election of 1866 • The Radicals gained control of the House and Senate. • They now had the strength to implement their plan. • Congress passed the Reconstruction Act of 1867. Radical Reconstruction • It abolished the South’s new state governments and required new state constitutions. • It placed them under military rule, five districts were governed by a northern general. http://www.swcivilwar.com/RichmondDestruction7.html More Restrictions • Required all qualified male voters, including African Americans to be allowed to vote. • Temporarily barred southerners who had supported the Confederacy from voting. • It required southern states to guarantee equal rights to all citizens. • It required the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment. http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/ media_content/m-8877.jpg The Fifteenth Amendment • In 1869, Congress protected African Americans right to vote by passing the Fifteenth Amendment. • In 1870, with federal troops stationed across the south, proud African Americans voted…republican. • Many whites refused to vote = landslide republican victories and African American office holders. • http://www.allenscreations.com/images/mkmor.jpg Carpetbag Government • Government in the Southern States was left to “scalawags” and “carpetbaggers”. • Carpetbaggers were Northern Republicans who moved to the south. • Scalawags were white southern republicans. http://encarta.msn.com/media_461520820/ Cartoon_of_the_Carpetbaggers.html The Tenure of Office Act • This act passed by Congress in March 1867, prohibited the President from removing certain government officials without Senate approval. • Johnson ignored the act and removed his secretary of war, Edwin M. Stanton – the only cabinet member who openly sided with the Radicals. http://www.picturehistory.com/find/p/598/mcms.html Impeachment • In response to Johnson’s violation of the Tenure of Office Act, the House voted to impeach the President in February 1868. • The Senate narrowly found Johnson not guilty. He was acquitted by one vote. http://www.picturehistory.com/find/p/12157/mcms.html http://www.google.com/search?sourceid=navclient&ie=UTF-8&rls=GGLD,GGLD:2005-11, GGLD:en&q=Ulysses+S+Grant+pictures Election of 1868 • The Radical Republicans nominated Civil War hero Ulysses S. Grant. • The Democrats chose Horatio Seymour, a former governor of New York. http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/civil-war/1862/ horatio-seymour.htm Did you know? • Upon leaving office, President Andrew Johnson won election to the U.S. Senate from Tennessee in 1874. • He died in July 1875, just months after taking his Senate seat. http://www.google.com/search?sourceid=navclient&ie=UTF-8&rls= GGLD,GGLD:2005-11,GGLD:en&q=us+flag+pictures Reconstruction Ends • President Grant won reelection in 1872. • He tried to pursue the goals of Reconstruction. • Government corruption reminded voters of the faults of reconstruction. • Legislature taxed and spent heavily. • Reconstruction came to symbolize corruption, greed, and poor government. Solid South • As federal troops withdrew from the South, white-dominated southern states blocked many federal Reconstruction policies. • Northern voters never fully supported the Radicals’ goal of racial equality. • 1872 the last exconfederates were pardoned. • They joined with other white southerners to form a new bloc of democratic voters called the solid south. • They reversed many reforms of the Reconstruction legislatures. The Election of 1876 President Hayes • Republican Rutherford B. Hayes lost the popular vote to Democrat Samuel Tilden of the solid south. • The electoral vote was disputed. http://www.civil-war.net/cw_images /files/images/198.jpg Compromise of 1877 • Democrats agreed to give Hayes the Presidency. • The new President would remove the remaining federal troops from the South. • He would give huge subsidies to Southern railroads. • Democrats regained the control of southern politics. • This marked the end of Reconstruction. • For years historians marked Reconstruction as a dismal failure. • The truth is more complex. Successes of Reconstruction • The union was rebuilt and the South was repaired. • Economic growth was stimulated in the South and new wealth created in the North. • The 14th and 15th Amendments were passed. • The Freedmen’s Bureau helped black families. • Southern States adopted the system of taxsupported, mandatory education practiced in the North. Failures of Reconstruction • Most black southerners remained in a cycle of poverty with little hope of escape. • After federal troops withdrew Southern State governments and the Ku Klux Klan denied African Americans the right to vote. • Left bitterness toward the federal government and the Republican party by most southerners. • Racial attitudes continued in the South and North. • Southern economy (agricultural) lagged behind the industrialized North. • http://www.cursor.org/images/klan.jpg