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U.S. Civil War Battles & Events Election of 1860 Fort Sumter • By Lincoln’s inauguration, March 4, 1862, seven southern states had seceded. – Confederate States of America • Jefferson Davis of Mississippi – President – The stated issue became the sovereign right of states to secede from the Union • The South seized every federal building, fort, and arsenal except two: – Fort Pickens, Florida – Fort Sumter, Charleston Harbor • Lincoln informs S. Carolina officials he intends to resupply the fort • Confederate forces shell the fort for nearly two days • Major Robert Anderson is forced to surrender Fort Sumter Effects of Fort Sumter • South – Shows southern resolve to fight for their belief – Boosts morale as it is a Southern Victory • North – Stirs outrage in the North; a “slap in the face” to every loyal American – Creates an “enthusiasm of patriotism” • Volunteers readily start enlisting in the army to fight First Battle of Bull Run • Known as the First Battle of Manassas in the South • July 21, 1861 – First major land engagement of the Civil War – General Irvin McDowell (U) – 35,000 troops • Hounded by Washington politicians & Lincoln to rush into battle, get to Richmond and end the war quickly • Troops were raw and undisciplined: – “…they stopped every moment to pick blackberries or get water. They would not keep ranks, order as much as you pleased.” – P.T. Beauregard & Joe Johnston (C) – 25,000 troops • Washington sightseers set up picnics nearby to watch the battle • Union army initially gains the upper hand, but the Confederate line holds and forces a Union retreat – ‘Stonewall’ Jackson gets his name • Union Army & sightseers crowd the roads back to Washington in a panic Bull Run Bull Run Effects of Bull Run • Victory for the South – Fits their strategy of fighting a defensive battle • Hold on until Northerners get sick of the war & quit • Shows that this will not be a short, easily won war. • War will require a ‘real’ army to be recruited and properly trained • Lincoln appoints General George B. McClellan to raise & train a new Army of the Potomac – He will work all through the winter of 1861-62 to prepare his 150,000 troops for battle Emancipation Proclamation • Northern Strategy – Based on “preserving the Union” • Economic = Blockade southern ports – No cotton exports / no weapons & supplies imports • Military = Divide the South in two – West – Seize the Mississippi River Valley, cutting off communications & use of the river » U. S. Grant’s Union forces will nearly accomplish this by the summer of 1862 – East – Drive toward Richmond, VA & destroy the government » McClellan is reluctant to engage in battle » “My dear McClellan: If you don’t want to use the army, I should like to borrow it for awhile. Yours respectfully, A. Lincoln” » Sept. 17, 1862 – Antietam: McClellan ‘defeats’ Lee’s invading forces which is enough of a ‘victory’ for Lincoln to issue a slavery statement. Emancipation Proclamation cont. • Issued, in part, to mobilize support from Britain and France toward the Union and away from the Confederacy • In actuality, it “frees” no one, but: – Turns the struggle into a “crusade for freedom” – Makes it know that the nation will never again be halfslave & half free – Recruiters are ordered to accept African-Americans into the army • 215,000 will serve during the course of the war – 54th Massachusetts (movie Glory) Gettysburg • July 1-3, 1863 – Lee leads 75,000 troops into Pennsylvania – Union Major Gen. George Meade led 90,000 troops • Main line was at Cemetery Ridge • On Day 3 of the battle the Confederates stage “Pickett’s Charge” trying to break the lines of the Union – 12,500 Confederate soldiers march across ¾ mile of open field to attack the Union lines » They are virtually wiped out » “We could not help hitting them with every shot.”; “men going down on hands and knees, spinning round like tops, throwing out their arms, gulping blood, falling; legless, armless, headless. There are ghastly heaps of dead men.” – Casualties: North = 23,000; South = 28,000 Gettysburg Impact of Gettysburg • Loss removes any hope for the south that any European countries will come to their aid. • The south will never go on the offensive again, fighting simply for some small hope of preserving their way of life via a truce. • Gettysburg Address – just over 2 minutes and 272 words in length – Lincoln called it a “flat failure” Sherman’s ‘March to the Sea’ • William Tecumseh Sherman – Captures Atlanta on Sept. 1, 1864 • Much of the city is burned to the ground • Vows to “Make Georgia howl” – Carries out “total war” – crush the will of the civilians who sustained the enemy fighting force. » Passes through 425 miles of enemy territory causing $100 million in damage (burning, looting, etc.) » Reaches coastal Savannah, GA on December 22nd and Raleigh, NC on April 26, 1865 • Boosts Lincoln’s 1864 reelection (which he wins with 54% of the vote • Special Field Orders, No. 15 – provides freed slaves with land taken from white plantation owners (later repealed by President Johnson) Sherman’s march Appomattox Courthouse Southern Surrender • April 1, 1865 – Union forces break the Confederate lines outside Petersburg – By April 4 the Union captures Richmond as Gen. Lee & the Confederates flee – April 9, 1865 – Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia • Terms: – Soldiers could return home with personal possessions & horses – Grant provides 25,000 ration kits to Lee’s army – April 14, 1865 – Lincoln is assassinated by John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s Theater 1861 Abraham Lincoln 1865 Effects of the War • Ends the institution of slavery in the US • Boosts the industrial economy of the North • Subjects the South to years of “third world” poverty and economic dependence • ‘The United States is…’ Reconstruction • January 1, 1865 – Congress passes the 13th Amendment ending slavery – Plantation whites see their lifestyle come to an end – Poor whites face competition for jobs from 4 million former slaves • Many slave remain on their plantations • Thousands begin traveling – Looking for loved ones – Seeking jobs Freedman’s Bureau • Establish by Congress in March 1865 – Immediate intent was aiding former slaves with food, medical attention and housing • 21 million rations over 5 years – Aid was also given to poor whites – Established 4,000 schools and 100 hospitals – Later focused on helping former slaves with work opportunities • Negotiated labor contracts Presidential Reconstruction • President Andrew Johnson – A former Confederate state could rejoin the Union when it: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Wrote a new state constitution Elected a new state government Repealed its act of secession Agreed not to repay Confederate war debts Ratified the 13th Amendment – Johnson refused to included black suffrage as a requirement which put him at odds with Congressional Republicans – Many former Confederate officeholders are reelected to their old office President Johnson “Black Codes” • As Southern states elect new legislatures they begin passing “black codes” – Gave freedmen the right to: • Hold property, marry, sue/be sued in court – Denied freedmen the right to: • Vote, serve on juries, bear arms – Drove many back to the farms by requiring freedmen to find ‘steady’ work and limiting other labor opportunities – Northerners see this as ‘quasi-slavery’ • In 1866 the new Congress will place the south under military rule, hold new elections (including black suffrage) and repeal the ‘black codes’ via 1866 Civil Rights Act Radical Reconstruction (1866-73) • 14th Amendment – African-Americans are citizens with “equal protection of the laws” – Blocks any Supreme Court challenge to the Civil Rights Act via the Dred Scott decision • 15th Amendment – guarantees a citizens right to vote • March 1867 – Congress militarizes the South – Disbands sitting governments – Creates 5 military districts – Only ‘loyal’ Southerners who had not participated in the ‘rebellion’ could register to vote – In order to rejoin the union: 1. 2. 3. 4. Adopt a new state constitution that supported black suffrage Elect a new government Ratify the 14th amendment Apply to Congress for readmission Failures of Reconstruction • Black codes • “Secret Societies” – harass black voters & white supporters – Ku Klux Klan / Knights of the White Camelia – Favored the democratic party • Intimidation at voting booths • ‘stuffing’ ballot boxes – Vote early, vote often • ‘Solid South’ – vote Democratic for next 100+ years – Leads to segregation policies by the 1870s » Poll taxes, separate schools, etc. » Jim Crow Laws • Slow to industrialize – poor economy • Continued bitterness over northern interference – Carpetbaggers • Northerners who came south to take advantage of the situation – Scalawags • White Southerners who joined the Republican party • Worked along side freedmen and carpetbaggers