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Chapter 11
The Civil War
By: Samantha Boyd
Period 5
Battles of Bull Run
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First Battle
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Second Battle
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General Irwin McDowell led his poorly prepared Union
army into Virginia hoping to take Manassas
McDowell’s slowness allowed General P.G.T Beauregard
and Confederates to strengthen
Confederates won
Fought on same grounds as first battle
Union faced another defeat
Significance – South held belief that the war would
soon be over while North prepared for a very long
war
Battle of Antietam
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Confederate General, Robert E. Lee wanted a victory
for South on Northern territory
McClellan delayed again giving the Confederates
more time to prepare
Union suffered over 12,000 casualties; Confederates
suffered about 14,000 (about a third of Lee’s army)
Lee retreated back into Virginia. McClellan ordered
by Lincoln to follow Lee and end the war. He did
not.
Significance: single bloodiest day of the war and
North could have ended the war, but McClellan
chose not to chase Lee
Western Battles
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Battles fought in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi,
and Tennessee
Battle of Shiloh
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40,000 Southern troops surprised Northern troops
Union army pushed back to Tennessee
North advised to retreat but they did not
North ended up winning the next day
Union casualties – over 13,000; Confederate casualties –
nearly 11,000
Significance: another step to cutting Confederacy in
half
Preparation for War
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People realized war would not be short
North
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Congress allowed President to raise an army of 1
million for 3 year enlistments
South was worried about how many men
North had for war
North and South Strengths
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North
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Had twice as much railroad
Had twice as many factories
Farming and industrial balanced economy
Had more money
Had government, navy, army and large population
South
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Most military colleges in the South
Did not need to initiate military action to win; only needed
to defend and not be beaten while North would have to
attack and conquer South
Were fighting to preserve their way of life and their right to
self government
Union Military Strategy

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Blockade seceded states
Cut Confederacy in two by using troops and
gunboats to gain control of the Mississippi
River
Northern newspapers made fun of this
strategy naming it the Anaconda Plan
Confederate Military Strategy

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Prepare and wait hoping Lincoln would leave them
in peace
War of attrition – when one side in the war inflicts
losses on enemy to wear down its strength
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Southerners counted on forces to be able to win battles
until North lost will to fight
Stop exporting cotton. Hoped to gain Britain and
France’s help in getting Independence because these
2 countries could no longer get Southern cotton

Instead Europe got cotton from India and Egypt
Technology

Weapons
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Shells – devices that exploded in air or when it hit
something
Canisters – a type of shell filled with bullets
Warships
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South created a wooden boat bolted with iron plates: the
Merrimack
Union created a ship made entirely of iron: the Monitor
The Merrimack and the Monitor fought but neither could
do serious damage to the other. The Merrimack withdrew.
Months later, the Monitor sank in a storm
Changed history of warfare
Politics in the South
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Confederate government had to convince citizens to
give up personal interests and build the Southerners’
loyalty to the new government
General Lee called for a draft
Confederate Congress required 3 years of military
service from white men ages 18-35. Upper age later
became 45, then 50
Government took control of economy
Government sent representatives to Britain and
France hoping to get recognition. Failed to do so

British opinion divided. Some sympathized for
Southerners. Others did not want to aid a slave owning
nation. Decided to wait and see. South would have to prove
itself on battlefield
Politics in the North
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Lincoln had to convince Northerners that maintaining Union was
worth it
Tension between the North and Britain because Britain had been
talking with the South
Republicans able to pass laws during the war without the
Southern democrats in office
Passed first income tax in American history in 1861. It collected
3% of income of people earning over $600 a year and less than
$10,000. If making over $10,000, tax was 5%
Put taxes on liquor, tobacco, medicine, and newspaper ads (these
taxes ended when war was over)\
Created currency of paper money called greenbacks.
Like the South, North also called for a draft
Copperheads and Martial Law
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Copperheads – antiwar Northern
Democrats
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Warned Republican policies would bring free
slaves to the North
Predicted free slaves would take jobs away from
whites
Urged Northerners to resist draft
Martial Law – emergency rule by military

Lincoln ordered this and he was the only U.S.
president to ever do so
Slavery as an Issue In the War
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Lincoln said: “If I could save the Union
without freeing any slave, I would do it, and if
I could save the Union by freeing all the
slaves, I would do it; and if I could save it by
freeing some and leaving others alone, I
would also do that.”
Lincoln believed he did not have legal
authority to abolish slavery
Lincoln eventually came to add the end of
slavery as another strategy in winning the
war
Emancipation Proclamation
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Fall of 1862 – Lincoln proclaimed that all slaves in
rebellion against the North would be free on January
1, 1863
He tried to encourage states to join the Union
Fulfilled promise and issued Proclamation
Reaction
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Abolitionists said he did not go far enough because he did
not free all slaves
Northerners afraid of job competition
Abolition movement now strong in England because the
Proclamation and Southern loss at Antietam ended all
possibilities of the South gaining help from England
African Americans Join the
War
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Some Southern slaves escaped and joined protection
of Union
Encouraged African Americans to join Union army
Contraband issue
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Northerners returned some slaves back to slave owners
who insisted return of their property thinking they had no
other choice
Benjamin Butler came up with legal argument allowing
Union to free escaped slaves
 Contraband – items seized from enemy during wartime
 If slaves were property, they could be considered
contraband of war
African Americans were not allowed to fight in war
until July 1862 because Northerners feared blacks
might take revenge with weapons
Hardships of the War
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Slaves who remained on plantations resisted
slavery by destroying equipment and not
doing work
Hurt Confederacy
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1. Weakened their labor force
2. Provided North with numerical advantage
Women feared the loss of loved ones daily
The Southern Economy
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Food shortage
Planters stopped growing cotton and began
growing food
Built factories to try to supply military needs
Inflation
Men left army to go work on farms and at
home
The Northern Economy
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Industries that depended on Southern
markets did poorly
Northern industries did very well – North
had everything needed to supply the army
and citizens
Women did men’s jobs. Business owners
liked this because they could pay women less
money
Prison Camps
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North and South had them for captured soldiers
Officers were treated better than soldiers
South’s prison camps located wherever there was
room
Andersonville in Georgia was exception
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Built to hold 10,000 men
Imprisoned 35,000 Northern soldiers in a fenced, 26 acre
open area
Around 100 prisoners died daily due to exposure or
starvation
The camp’s commander was charged for war crimes after
the war and was hanged
Medical Care
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Bad medical care on both sides
Malaria and pneumonia killed many soldiers
Bad nutrition and contaminated food led to
typhoid fever and dysentery
Women volunteered as nurses
Sanitation was bad. Trash and waste at
camps
Lee’s Victories
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Battle of Fredericksburg
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Burnside marched army straight into Virginia
Thought it would surprise enemy more
Union lost and suffered almost 13,000 casualties
Confederates only suffered about 5,000
Battle of Chancellorsville
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Hooker planned to circle around Lee’s men and attack from
behind
Confederates found Union forces camped out
They surprised Hooker from the rear and it was successful
However, when Stonewall Jackson returned to his camp, he
was mistaken as an enemy and was shot and died.
Battle of Gettysburg
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July 1, 1863
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Small fight started largest battle in North American history
Both armies set up camp on hills
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Confederate General James Longstreet advised Lee not to attack but Lee ordered Longstreet
to attack the next morning
July 2, 1863
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Longstreet did not go in to attack early enough; allowed Meade to bring in reinforcements
Battle lasted until early evening
Both sides noticed undefended hill: Little Round Top
Union army got there first. Saved army from defeat
July 3, 1863
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Confederates began heavy artillery barrage
Union army stopped returning fire to save ammunition
Confederates thought Union had run out of ammunition. Began direct attack
Pickett’s Charge
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Union on Cemetery Ridge
Confederates on Seminary Ridge
Confederates marched across open ground. Union fired on them. Not many Confederates
reached Union army
Was over in 30 minutes
July 4, 1863
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Confederates retreated into Virginia
Gettysburg Address
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November 19, 1863
15,000 people gathered to honor Union
soldiers who died in battle
Famous public speaker Edward Everett spoke
for 2 hours
Lincoln spoke for 2 minutes
Vicksburg
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Siege began with 300 Union cannons opening
fire on Vicksburg from sea and land
Residents hid in caves to avoid being killed
Confederate soldiers fed very little
July 4, 1963 – Confederates surrendered and
marched out of Vicksburg
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They thought they would get the best terms
possible because it was the Fourth of July
1863
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Began poorly for North
July 4, 1863 was a happy day for Union
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Battle of Gettysburg ended
Vicksburg siege ended
Richmond began to talk of making peace
End seemed to be in sight
Robert E. Lee
Ulysses S. Grant
Ulysses S. Grant
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Was put in charge of Confederate army
Hoped to crush Confederate army by the
1864 presidential election
Wanted to wear down Confederates
Fought and lost many battles
Northerners upset by high number of Union
casualties
Grant moved army further south
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Suffered more casualties
William Tecumseh Sherman
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Was in charge of the West for the Union
Same strategy as Grant
Confederate General in the West, Joseph Johnston
did not want Sherman reaching Atlanta until after
the election
Jefferson replaced Johnston with James Hood who
fought with the Union army and eventually retreated
into Atlanta
Sherman laid siege Atlanta
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Evacuated and burned Atlanta
Approached Savannah, Confederates fled.
Election of 1864
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Lincoln thought he was going to be beaten
Republicans changed their name to Union Party
Lincoln ran against Democrat, George McClellan
McClellan promised a negotiation to the end of the
war
Sherman’s capture of Atlanta convinced people that
the end of the war was near and they did not want to
negotiate
Lincoln won with 212 out of 233 electoral votes
Thirteenth Amendment
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Passed in February 1865
Ended slavery in the United States forever
“Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude,
except as a punishment for crime whereof the
party shall have been duly convicted, shall
exist within the United States, or any place
subject to their jurisdiction.”
End of the War
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Sherman went to join Grant’s forces. Wanted to destroy the
South’s remaining resources and crush their will to fight
Accomplished these goals
Union burned Columbia
Surrender at Appomattox
 Lee’s army arrived at Appomattox Court House. Surrounded by
Union army
 Lee and Grant met privately
 Grant allowed Southerners to leave and go home with their
horses and mules. They would not be considered traitors if they
obeyed the law. Grant offered feeding the starving Confederate
troops
Northerners did not rejoice at Southerners hardship
Southerners had mixed feelings. Happy that they would be able
to see loved ones. Upset about defeat
Lincoln’s Assassination
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Lincoln did not live to see actual end to the
war
April 14, 1865
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Lincoln and his wife were at the theater
John Wilkes Booth went to Lincoln’s unguarded
box and shot Lincoln in the head
Booth escaped with a broken leg but was
eventually found and shot to death
Lincoln died the next day
Cause and Effects of the Civil War
CAUSES
EFFECTS
Slavery
Reconstruction
Secession
Emancipation Proclamation
Election of Abraham Lincoln
Division of Virginia
Compromise of 1850
Scalawags and Carpetbaggers
Missouri Compromise
Jim Crow Laws
Wilmot Proviso
Dred Scott Decision
Kansas-Nebraska Act
“Bleeding Kansas”/”Bleeding Sumner”
Maps from the Civil War
Primary Source
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Below is a link to a diary from Horatio Nelson
Taft, an examiner for the U.S. Patent Office
during the Civil War
Washington during the Civil War: The Diary
of Horatio Nelson Taft, 1861-1865