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Chapter 11 The Civil War By: Samantha Boyd Period 5 Battles of Bull Run First Battle Second Battle General Irwin McDowell led his poorly prepared Union army into Virginia hoping to take Manassas McDowell’s slowness allowed General P.G.T Beauregard and Confederates to strengthen Confederates won Fought on same grounds as first battle Union faced another defeat Significance – South held belief that the war would soon be over while North prepared for a very long war Battle of Antietam Confederate General, Robert E. Lee wanted a victory for South on Northern territory McClellan delayed again giving the Confederates more time to prepare Union suffered over 12,000 casualties; Confederates suffered about 14,000 (about a third of Lee’s army) Lee retreated back into Virginia. McClellan ordered by Lincoln to follow Lee and end the war. He did not. Significance: single bloodiest day of the war and North could have ended the war, but McClellan chose not to chase Lee Western Battles Battles fought in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee Battle of Shiloh 40,000 Southern troops surprised Northern troops Union army pushed back to Tennessee North advised to retreat but they did not North ended up winning the next day Union casualties – over 13,000; Confederate casualties – nearly 11,000 Significance: another step to cutting Confederacy in half Preparation for War People realized war would not be short North Congress allowed President to raise an army of 1 million for 3 year enlistments South was worried about how many men North had for war North and South Strengths North Had twice as much railroad Had twice as many factories Farming and industrial balanced economy Had more money Had government, navy, army and large population South Most military colleges in the South Did not need to initiate military action to win; only needed to defend and not be beaten while North would have to attack and conquer South Were fighting to preserve their way of life and their right to self government Union Military Strategy Blockade seceded states Cut Confederacy in two by using troops and gunboats to gain control of the Mississippi River Northern newspapers made fun of this strategy naming it the Anaconda Plan Confederate Military Strategy Prepare and wait hoping Lincoln would leave them in peace War of attrition – when one side in the war inflicts losses on enemy to wear down its strength Southerners counted on forces to be able to win battles until North lost will to fight Stop exporting cotton. Hoped to gain Britain and France’s help in getting Independence because these 2 countries could no longer get Southern cotton Instead Europe got cotton from India and Egypt Technology Weapons Shells – devices that exploded in air or when it hit something Canisters – a type of shell filled with bullets Warships South created a wooden boat bolted with iron plates: the Merrimack Union created a ship made entirely of iron: the Monitor The Merrimack and the Monitor fought but neither could do serious damage to the other. The Merrimack withdrew. Months later, the Monitor sank in a storm Changed history of warfare Politics in the South Confederate government had to convince citizens to give up personal interests and build the Southerners’ loyalty to the new government General Lee called for a draft Confederate Congress required 3 years of military service from white men ages 18-35. Upper age later became 45, then 50 Government took control of economy Government sent representatives to Britain and France hoping to get recognition. Failed to do so British opinion divided. Some sympathized for Southerners. Others did not want to aid a slave owning nation. Decided to wait and see. South would have to prove itself on battlefield Politics in the North Lincoln had to convince Northerners that maintaining Union was worth it Tension between the North and Britain because Britain had been talking with the South Republicans able to pass laws during the war without the Southern democrats in office Passed first income tax in American history in 1861. It collected 3% of income of people earning over $600 a year and less than $10,000. If making over $10,000, tax was 5% Put taxes on liquor, tobacco, medicine, and newspaper ads (these taxes ended when war was over)\ Created currency of paper money called greenbacks. Like the South, North also called for a draft Copperheads and Martial Law Copperheads – antiwar Northern Democrats Warned Republican policies would bring free slaves to the North Predicted free slaves would take jobs away from whites Urged Northerners to resist draft Martial Law – emergency rule by military Lincoln ordered this and he was the only U.S. president to ever do so Slavery as an Issue In the War Lincoln said: “If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it, and if I could save the Union by freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that.” Lincoln believed he did not have legal authority to abolish slavery Lincoln eventually came to add the end of slavery as another strategy in winning the war Emancipation Proclamation Fall of 1862 – Lincoln proclaimed that all slaves in rebellion against the North would be free on January 1, 1863 He tried to encourage states to join the Union Fulfilled promise and issued Proclamation Reaction Abolitionists said he did not go far enough because he did not free all slaves Northerners afraid of job competition Abolition movement now strong in England because the Proclamation and Southern loss at Antietam ended all possibilities of the South gaining help from England African Americans Join the War Some Southern slaves escaped and joined protection of Union Encouraged African Americans to join Union army Contraband issue Northerners returned some slaves back to slave owners who insisted return of their property thinking they had no other choice Benjamin Butler came up with legal argument allowing Union to free escaped slaves Contraband – items seized from enemy during wartime If slaves were property, they could be considered contraband of war African Americans were not allowed to fight in war until July 1862 because Northerners feared blacks might take revenge with weapons Hardships of the War Slaves who remained on plantations resisted slavery by destroying equipment and not doing work Hurt Confederacy 1. Weakened their labor force 2. Provided North with numerical advantage Women feared the loss of loved ones daily The Southern Economy Food shortage Planters stopped growing cotton and began growing food Built factories to try to supply military needs Inflation Men left army to go work on farms and at home The Northern Economy Industries that depended on Southern markets did poorly Northern industries did very well – North had everything needed to supply the army and citizens Women did men’s jobs. Business owners liked this because they could pay women less money Prison Camps North and South had them for captured soldiers Officers were treated better than soldiers South’s prison camps located wherever there was room Andersonville in Georgia was exception Built to hold 10,000 men Imprisoned 35,000 Northern soldiers in a fenced, 26 acre open area Around 100 prisoners died daily due to exposure or starvation The camp’s commander was charged for war crimes after the war and was hanged Medical Care Bad medical care on both sides Malaria and pneumonia killed many soldiers Bad nutrition and contaminated food led to typhoid fever and dysentery Women volunteered as nurses Sanitation was bad. Trash and waste at camps Lee’s Victories Battle of Fredericksburg Burnside marched army straight into Virginia Thought it would surprise enemy more Union lost and suffered almost 13,000 casualties Confederates only suffered about 5,000 Battle of Chancellorsville Hooker planned to circle around Lee’s men and attack from behind Confederates found Union forces camped out They surprised Hooker from the rear and it was successful However, when Stonewall Jackson returned to his camp, he was mistaken as an enemy and was shot and died. Battle of Gettysburg July 1, 1863 Small fight started largest battle in North American history Both armies set up camp on hills Confederate General James Longstreet advised Lee not to attack but Lee ordered Longstreet to attack the next morning July 2, 1863 Longstreet did not go in to attack early enough; allowed Meade to bring in reinforcements Battle lasted until early evening Both sides noticed undefended hill: Little Round Top Union army got there first. Saved army from defeat July 3, 1863 Confederates began heavy artillery barrage Union army stopped returning fire to save ammunition Confederates thought Union had run out of ammunition. Began direct attack Pickett’s Charge Union on Cemetery Ridge Confederates on Seminary Ridge Confederates marched across open ground. Union fired on them. Not many Confederates reached Union army Was over in 30 minutes July 4, 1863 Confederates retreated into Virginia Gettysburg Address November 19, 1863 15,000 people gathered to honor Union soldiers who died in battle Famous public speaker Edward Everett spoke for 2 hours Lincoln spoke for 2 minutes Vicksburg Siege began with 300 Union cannons opening fire on Vicksburg from sea and land Residents hid in caves to avoid being killed Confederate soldiers fed very little July 4, 1963 – Confederates surrendered and marched out of Vicksburg They thought they would get the best terms possible because it was the Fourth of July 1863 Began poorly for North July 4, 1863 was a happy day for Union Battle of Gettysburg ended Vicksburg siege ended Richmond began to talk of making peace End seemed to be in sight Robert E. Lee Ulysses S. Grant Ulysses S. Grant Was put in charge of Confederate army Hoped to crush Confederate army by the 1864 presidential election Wanted to wear down Confederates Fought and lost many battles Northerners upset by high number of Union casualties Grant moved army further south Suffered more casualties William Tecumseh Sherman Was in charge of the West for the Union Same strategy as Grant Confederate General in the West, Joseph Johnston did not want Sherman reaching Atlanta until after the election Jefferson replaced Johnston with James Hood who fought with the Union army and eventually retreated into Atlanta Sherman laid siege Atlanta Evacuated and burned Atlanta Approached Savannah, Confederates fled. Election of 1864 Lincoln thought he was going to be beaten Republicans changed their name to Union Party Lincoln ran against Democrat, George McClellan McClellan promised a negotiation to the end of the war Sherman’s capture of Atlanta convinced people that the end of the war was near and they did not want to negotiate Lincoln won with 212 out of 233 electoral votes Thirteenth Amendment Passed in February 1865 Ended slavery in the United States forever “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.” End of the War Sherman went to join Grant’s forces. Wanted to destroy the South’s remaining resources and crush their will to fight Accomplished these goals Union burned Columbia Surrender at Appomattox Lee’s army arrived at Appomattox Court House. Surrounded by Union army Lee and Grant met privately Grant allowed Southerners to leave and go home with their horses and mules. They would not be considered traitors if they obeyed the law. Grant offered feeding the starving Confederate troops Northerners did not rejoice at Southerners hardship Southerners had mixed feelings. Happy that they would be able to see loved ones. Upset about defeat Lincoln’s Assassination Lincoln did not live to see actual end to the war April 14, 1865 Lincoln and his wife were at the theater John Wilkes Booth went to Lincoln’s unguarded box and shot Lincoln in the head Booth escaped with a broken leg but was eventually found and shot to death Lincoln died the next day Cause and Effects of the Civil War CAUSES EFFECTS Slavery Reconstruction Secession Emancipation Proclamation Election of Abraham Lincoln Division of Virginia Compromise of 1850 Scalawags and Carpetbaggers Missouri Compromise Jim Crow Laws Wilmot Proviso Dred Scott Decision Kansas-Nebraska Act “Bleeding Kansas”/”Bleeding Sumner” Maps from the Civil War Primary Source Below is a link to a diary from Horatio Nelson Taft, an examiner for the U.S. Patent Office during the Civil War Washington during the Civil War: The Diary of Horatio Nelson Taft, 1861-1865