Download I. Slavery and Cotton

I. Slavery and Cotton
A.
Slavery and cotton become important
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Cotton gin 1796
Opening of rich farmland in Deep South
Demand from English textile mills
Forced migration of slaves from upper to
lower South
By 1860 South provided 66% of world’s
cotton, close to 60% of US exports
I. Slavery and Cotton
B.
Antebellum slave ownership
1.
2.
3.
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5.
Majority of whites did not own slaves
Slaves provided inferior class
Majority of slave owners << less than 20
Few with large plantations dominated
society
Cost of slave labor ^ ^ 1800>1860, but so
did value as property
I. Slavery and Cotton
C.
Conditions of slavery
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2.
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Slaves’ experience varied greatly
Kinship networks, marriage important
Some free blacks lived in areas of South
Resistance: feigned illness, slow work,
breaking tools, escape
Rebellions rare, Nat Turner’s in 1831 led to
increasing restrictions
I. Slavery and Cotton
C.
Abolitionism
1.
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Mostly from social reforms, 2nd Great
Awakening of 1820s, 30s, 40s
Associated with women’s movement
Unpopular, even in North
Eventually whipped up a small but vocal
group
Garrison, Douglass, Stowe (Cabin)
II. Slavery and Expansion
A.
Missouri Compromise 1820
1.
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Drew dividing line
Most of Louisiana Purchase > free
Maintained Senate balance to 1850
Removed slavery as political issue until
Mexican-American War 1846
II. Slavery and Expansion
B.
Tariff of Abominations/Nullification 18281832
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American system - high tariff, internal
improvements, National Bank
Southern politicians saw all as
unconstitutional
High tariff led Calhoun,SC to invoke
nullification, secession
Jackson raised troops
II. Slavery and Expansion
C.
Wilmot Proviso 1846
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Proposed to prohibit slavery in any territory
won from Mexico
Provokes outrage, calls for secession
Political issue of slavery returns
Missouri Compromise works for South
Secession proposed at Nashville
Convention
II. Slavery and Expansion
D.
Compromise of 1850
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California admitted as free state
Senate balance gone
South got strong Fugitive Slave Law
Law obviously unfair and seemed to infringe
on constitutional rights
Northerners increasingly refused to enforce
III. Slavery and Politics
A.
Ostend Manifesto 1854
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2.
Southern proposal to seize Cuba
Northerners outraged that South would risk
war for political power
III. Slavery and Politics
Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854
B.
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3.
Stephen Douglas (IL) proposed popular
sovereignty, used political power to push
Repealed Missouri Compromise
Republican Party created in response
a.
b.
4.
No new slave states
National economy on old American system
Led to mini-war in Kansas
III. Slavery and Politics
Dred Scott 1857
C.
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3.
Blacks not citizens, had no rights
Congress had no authority to regulate
slavery in any state or territory
Major issue in Lincoln-Douglas debates of
1858, which gave Lincoln major exposure
as serious candidate
III. Slavery and Politics
Other Issues
D.
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3.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852
John Brown’s raid 1859
Election of Republican Lincoln in 1860 led
to secession
IV. Civil War 1861-1865
Both sides had advantages
A.
1.
North
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
2.
Functioning government, two party system
Industrial AND agricultural production
National transportation system
Control of Navy
Population
South
a.
b.
c.
d.
Cause & supportive population
Cotton demand
Defensive war on its own territory
Military leaders, experienced soldiers
IV. Civil War 1861-1865
1861-1863
B.
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North slow to attack, poor tactical leaders (e.g.
McClellan)
South’s superior generals able to outwit opposition
South generally won battles, but war stretched out
North holds onto border states (KY, MD)
Lincoln limits civil rights - increases power of
presidency
Both sides draft, borrow, print money
IV. Civil War 1861-1865
Antietam 1862
C.
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4.
Lincoln had drafted Emancipation Proclamation
Sought significant military victory to reinforce
Antietam not overwhelming, but first large “nonfailure” for North
Decision a strategic one, at least partly to keep
Britain out
Emancipation Proclamation January 1863
D.
A.
B.
Freed slaves only in areas out of Union control
Enlistment of blacks, increased slave resistance
IV. Civil War 1861-1865
Vicksburg July 1863
E.
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3.
Split South along Mississippi (Anaconda)
Made Grant available to Lincoln
Gave North a base to move southeast to Atlanta
Gettysburg July 1863
F.
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Lee invaded North, forced to fight in bad situation
Meade decimated Lee’s forces, Lee retreated
South’s “high water” mark, but Lincoln frustrated
again
IV. Civil War 1861-1865
Other Issues
G.
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British survived “cotton famine”
Northern blockade more and more effective
Southern military industrial program effective
Draft riots in North, bread riots in South
Southern states refused to cooperate with
Richmond government
Lincoln barely wins reelection - Atlanta September
Northerners more supportive of war as time goes
by, especially after Atlanta and other victories
IV. Civil War 1861-1865
1864-1865
H.
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5.
Grant follows Lee through Virginia
Long, dug-in battles with high casualties, especially
Grant
Sherman’s March to Sea in late 1864, then moves
North
Worn out Lee surrenders April 9 at Appomattox
Courthouse
Grant gracious in victory - criticized
IV. Civil War 1861-1865
Wartime Legislation
I.
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6.
Two companies chartered to finish transcontinental
railroad
Generous land and loan subsidies to RR
National banking system and currency
Tariffs raised
Homestead Act to encourage settlement
Northern industrial economy with government
support victorious over South’s agricultural system
V. Civil War Historiography
Did slavery cause the war?
A.
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4.
James Loewen “Confederate Reader” - yes
Charles Beard - no, economic interests in North
Since 60s historians generally say yes
Neo-Confederates not generally considered
scholarly
Lincoln
B.
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2.
Really anti-slavery or for equal rights?
Political decisions - dictator, savior of Union, or
political opportunist?
V. Civil War Historiography
Military leadership
C.
1.
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D.
North probably not as bad as usually stated
South not as uniformly good as stated
Lincoln judged on results, Davis judge on
“pedigree”
Was northern economic system less cruel,
more open to advancement than southern?
VI. Reconstruction
Power struggle - Radical Republicans v. Confederates
A.
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3 periods - Johnson, Congress, Redeemers
End of slavery non-negotiable - 13th Amendment
Freedmen? - 14th & 15th Amendments
Military occupation
Southern Republican govts. include blacks
Redeemers, white supremacist groups (KKK) eliminate
Repubs and blacks from govts
Jim Crow system reinforced by courts - Plessy v. Ferguson
and other decisions
Jim Crow a political, social and economic system