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I. Slavery and Cotton A. Slavery and cotton become important 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Cotton gin 1796 Opening of rich farmland in Deep South Demand from English textile mills Forced migration of slaves from upper to lower South By 1860 South provided 66% of world’s cotton, close to 60% of US exports I. Slavery and Cotton B. Antebellum slave ownership 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Majority of whites did not own slaves Slaves provided inferior class Majority of slave owners << less than 20 Few with large plantations dominated society Cost of slave labor ^ ^ 1800>1860, but so did value as property I. Slavery and Cotton C. Conditions of slavery 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Slaves’ experience varied greatly Kinship networks, marriage important Some free blacks lived in areas of South Resistance: feigned illness, slow work, breaking tools, escape Rebellions rare, Nat Turner’s in 1831 led to increasing restrictions I. Slavery and Cotton C. Abolitionism 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Mostly from social reforms, 2nd Great Awakening of 1820s, 30s, 40s Associated with women’s movement Unpopular, even in North Eventually whipped up a small but vocal group Garrison, Douglass, Stowe (Cabin) II. Slavery and Expansion A. Missouri Compromise 1820 1. 2. 3. 4. Drew dividing line Most of Louisiana Purchase > free Maintained Senate balance to 1850 Removed slavery as political issue until Mexican-American War 1846 II. Slavery and Expansion B. Tariff of Abominations/Nullification 18281832 1. 2. 3. 4. American system - high tariff, internal improvements, National Bank Southern politicians saw all as unconstitutional High tariff led Calhoun,SC to invoke nullification, secession Jackson raised troops II. Slavery and Expansion C. Wilmot Proviso 1846 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Proposed to prohibit slavery in any territory won from Mexico Provokes outrage, calls for secession Political issue of slavery returns Missouri Compromise works for South Secession proposed at Nashville Convention II. Slavery and Expansion D. Compromise of 1850 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. California admitted as free state Senate balance gone South got strong Fugitive Slave Law Law obviously unfair and seemed to infringe on constitutional rights Northerners increasingly refused to enforce III. Slavery and Politics A. Ostend Manifesto 1854 1. 2. Southern proposal to seize Cuba Northerners outraged that South would risk war for political power III. Slavery and Politics Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854 B. 1. 2. 3. Stephen Douglas (IL) proposed popular sovereignty, used political power to push Repealed Missouri Compromise Republican Party created in response a. b. 4. No new slave states National economy on old American system Led to mini-war in Kansas III. Slavery and Politics Dred Scott 1857 C. 1. 2. 3. Blacks not citizens, had no rights Congress had no authority to regulate slavery in any state or territory Major issue in Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858, which gave Lincoln major exposure as serious candidate III. Slavery and Politics Other Issues D. 1. 2. 3. Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852 John Brown’s raid 1859 Election of Republican Lincoln in 1860 led to secession IV. Civil War 1861-1865 Both sides had advantages A. 1. North a. b. c. d. e. 2. Functioning government, two party system Industrial AND agricultural production National transportation system Control of Navy Population South a. b. c. d. Cause & supportive population Cotton demand Defensive war on its own territory Military leaders, experienced soldiers IV. Civil War 1861-1865 1861-1863 B. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. North slow to attack, poor tactical leaders (e.g. McClellan) South’s superior generals able to outwit opposition South generally won battles, but war stretched out North holds onto border states (KY, MD) Lincoln limits civil rights - increases power of presidency Both sides draft, borrow, print money IV. Civil War 1861-1865 Antietam 1862 C. 1. 2. 3. 4. Lincoln had drafted Emancipation Proclamation Sought significant military victory to reinforce Antietam not overwhelming, but first large “nonfailure” for North Decision a strategic one, at least partly to keep Britain out Emancipation Proclamation January 1863 D. A. B. Freed slaves only in areas out of Union control Enlistment of blacks, increased slave resistance IV. Civil War 1861-1865 Vicksburg July 1863 E. 1. 2. 3. Split South along Mississippi (Anaconda) Made Grant available to Lincoln Gave North a base to move southeast to Atlanta Gettysburg July 1863 F. 1. 2. 3. Lee invaded North, forced to fight in bad situation Meade decimated Lee’s forces, Lee retreated South’s “high water” mark, but Lincoln frustrated again IV. Civil War 1861-1865 Other Issues G. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. British survived “cotton famine” Northern blockade more and more effective Southern military industrial program effective Draft riots in North, bread riots in South Southern states refused to cooperate with Richmond government Lincoln barely wins reelection - Atlanta September Northerners more supportive of war as time goes by, especially after Atlanta and other victories IV. Civil War 1861-1865 1864-1865 H. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Grant follows Lee through Virginia Long, dug-in battles with high casualties, especially Grant Sherman’s March to Sea in late 1864, then moves North Worn out Lee surrenders April 9 at Appomattox Courthouse Grant gracious in victory - criticized IV. Civil War 1861-1865 Wartime Legislation I. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Two companies chartered to finish transcontinental railroad Generous land and loan subsidies to RR National banking system and currency Tariffs raised Homestead Act to encourage settlement Northern industrial economy with government support victorious over South’s agricultural system V. Civil War Historiography Did slavery cause the war? A. 1. 2. 3. 4. James Loewen “Confederate Reader” - yes Charles Beard - no, economic interests in North Since 60s historians generally say yes Neo-Confederates not generally considered scholarly Lincoln B. 1. 2. Really anti-slavery or for equal rights? Political decisions - dictator, savior of Union, or political opportunist? V. Civil War Historiography Military leadership C. 1. 2. 3. D. North probably not as bad as usually stated South not as uniformly good as stated Lincoln judged on results, Davis judge on “pedigree” Was northern economic system less cruel, more open to advancement than southern? VI. Reconstruction Power struggle - Radical Republicans v. Confederates A. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 3 periods - Johnson, Congress, Redeemers End of slavery non-negotiable - 13th Amendment Freedmen? - 14th & 15th Amendments Military occupation Southern Republican govts. include blacks Redeemers, white supremacist groups (KKK) eliminate Repubs and blacks from govts Jim Crow system reinforced by courts - Plessy v. Ferguson and other decisions Jim Crow a political, social and economic system