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Balance of Power
SOUTH
• Defensive Strategy
• Better officers
•
•
•
•
Military Culture
Limited transportation
Limited manufacturing
Limited population
(slave revolution?)
NORTH
• Offensive Strategy
• Incompetent/Hesitant
Officers
• Urban culture
• Extensive ports&
transportation system
• Extensive Manufacturing
• Immigration/Population
booming
Map: The Anaconda Plan and the Battle of Antietam
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
11.2 The Politics of War
Objectives:
A. What divided Americans about
how to fight the war?
THEME: The North effectively
brought to bear its long term
advantages of industrial might and
human resources to wage a
devastating total war against the
South. The war helped organize and
modernize northern society, while
the South, despite heroic efforts, was
economically and socially crushed.
1) Lincoln was able to keep suspected
secessionists in jail because he suspended
habeas _______.
2) Northern Democrats opposed to the war
were called _____________.
3) The Union first began to draft troops in
1863, also known as c____________.
4) To encourage men to volunteer to fight,
the Union offered b__________.
5) The Emancipation Proclamation (did/did
not) abolish slavery in the Union.
1) Lincoln was able to keep suspected
secessionists in jail because he suspended
_______ corpus.
2) Northern ____________opposed to the
war were called copperheads.
3) The Union first began to _____ troops in
1863, also known as conscription.
4) To encourage men to volunteer to fight,
the Union offered b__________.
5) The Emancipation Proclamation (did/did
not) go into effect September 22, 1862.
Diplomacy Fails
• Trent Affair, late 1861
– US Navy boards British steamer and captures 2
Confederate diplomats
• Alabama raids: 1862-1864
– British built ship, armed in Portuguese Azores
(=British are technically not arming South)
– Captured 60 US vessels, sinks 64
– Similar British built Confederate ships sink 250
Union ships
– Britain pays $15.5 million in damages after war
• 1863: the Laird “rams”= Brinkmanship with UK
– Would have broken Union blockade and probably
resulted in Union invasion of Canada
http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h57000/h57256.jpg
The South’s Strategy Fails:
Britain stays Neutral
BUT, IT ALMOST DID WORK!!
1. Southern diplomats are captured by US Navy on
board the British ship Trent almost leads to war
between the US & GB (especially in Canada).
2. Britain does build warships for the South. One,
the Alabama sinks 64 Union ships.
The South’s Strategy Fails:
Britain stays Neutral
Britain did not rush to the South’s aid.
Why?
1. Britain and new sources for cotton
2. Britain is relying on Northern grain
imports
3. British people did not want to support
slave-society (Uncle Tom’s Cabin
impact)
The Blockade
• Union extends blockade (Anaconda Plan)
• Begins to have success by targeting cotton ports
• Risks war with Britain by seizing British merchants,
uses “ultimate destination” as legal cover to avoid
war
• Blockade Runners earn profits of up to 700%
• 3/9/1862: Monitor v. Merrimack  end of woodenhulled warfare, beginning of the “Ironclads”
Virginia rams Cumberland
Monitor v. Merrimack (Virginia)
Monitor after the battle with the Virginia
http://www.historyplace.com/civilwar/cwar-pix/monitor.jpg
Fording the Rappahannock River
Fording the Rappahannock River
When federal troops came close enough those slaves who could do so fled behind
Union lines. These Virginia fugitives, lugging all their possessions, move toward
freedom in the summer of 1862, after the Second Battle of Bull Run. (Library of
Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Contraband slave group
Contraband slave group
A group of "contrabands" (liberated slaves) photographed at Cumberland Landing,
Virginia, May 14, 1862, at a sensitive point in the war when their legal status was
still not fully determined. The faces of the women, men, and children represent the
human drama of emancipation. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Emancipation Proclamation
MYTH: Lincoln “freed” the slaves
FACTS: look at the actual dates and words of
the proclamation. Where did the
Proclamation apply?
TRUTH: Lincoln saved the Union, so that the
Union, eventually, might free the slaves.
Emancipation Proclamation
January 1, 1863
CAUSES:
• Lincoln does NOT believe govt. can abolish slavery
• HOWEVER, Union army can seize “contraband”=
to hurt South’s war effort
• Antietam’s “victory” gives Lincoln the
“opportunity” to issue preliminary proclamation on
Sept. 23, 1862.
• Emancipates only those slaves in states still in
rebellion, NOT IN THE BORDER STATES!!!
“. . . on the first day of January . . .
all persons held as slaves within any
State, or designated part of a State,
the people whereof shall then be in
rebellion against the United States
shall be then, thenceforward, and
forever free.“
President Abraham Lincoln,
preliminary Emancipation
Proclamation, September 22, 1862
Emancipation Proclamation
EFFECTS:
•
•
•
•
Settles the “contraband” question.
Many slaves escape North to join Union
Ends the possibility of a negotiated settlement
Unpopular in Sections of North, Copperheads
gain support
QUESTION: Did the Emancipation Proclamation
“ennoble” the cause of the North?
ARGUMENTS OVER THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION
FOR
AGAINST
ACTION/DECISION TAKEN
EFFECTS/REACTION TO THE
ACTION/DECISION
DISSENT
• Lincoln suspends rights and freedoms:
– Sends federal troops to occupy MD, and arrests hundreds
of MD’ers, including most of the politicians
– (DC could not survive if MD went over to South)
– Suspended habeas corpus = holding people in jail w/o
trial, up to 13,000 were so held
– Copperheads was name given to Northern Democrats
who wanted peace with South, many arrested
– seized control of telegraph offices
NOTE: Jefferson Davis also suspended liberties in South.
ARGUMENTS OVER LINCOLN’S HANDLING OF DISSENT
FOR
AGAINST
ACTION/DECISION TAKEN
EFFECTS/REACTION TO THE
ACTION/DECISION
CONSCRIPTION (=DRAFT)
NORTH:
SOUTH:
•
•
•
•
• Started in 1862
• Ages 18-35
• Exemptions for
slaveholders with 20
slaves or more
• Substitutes allowed
• 80% of elegible men
served
Started in 1863
Ages 20-45 for 3 years
Substitutes allowed
Commutations for
$300
• Bounties paid to
volunteers
• 92% of army
volunteered
DRAFT RIOTS:
New York City draft riots in July 1863. 11
African Americans lynched. Over 100 killed.
ARGUMENTS OVER CONSCRIPTION
FOR
AGAINST
ACTION/DECISION TAKEN
EFFECTS/REACTION TO THE
ACTION/DECISION
http://www.timelines.info/history/conflict_and_war/18th_&_19th_century_conflicts/american_civil_war/
11.3 Life During Wartime
A. How did African-Americans participate in the
war?
B. How did women participate in the war?
C. How were the economies of the North and the
South changed by the Civil War?
1) Riots in opposition to the draft in the North
broke out in _________ in July of 1863.
2) Clara ______ was a famous nurse during the
Civil War.
3) 200 African-American Union soldiers who
were prisoners of war were massacred at Fort
_____.
4) In order to pay for the Civil War, the US
government created the ______ tax for the first
time in 1863.
5) The worst prisoner of war camp was
A_______.
1. The worst Confederate prison war camp
was _______.
2. The first regiment of African-American
soldiers came from which state?
3. How did slaves in the Confederacy resist?
4. Who was the “angel of the battlefield”?
5. Troops under Confederate General Nathan
Bedford Forest killed over ____ AfricanAmerican prisoners at Fort Pillow?
Freedom to the Slave, 1863
Freedom to the Slave, 1863
This engraving celebrating the
Emancipation Proclamation first
appeared in 1863. While it places a
white Union soldier in the center, it also
portrays the important role of African
American troops and emphasizes the
importance of education and literacy.
(The Library Company of Philadelphia)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Blacks Enlist
• 180,000 Blacks enlist in Union by war’s end (10% of
forces)
• Face discrimination and opposition from N’thern Whites
• Receive less pay & used as labor brigades, initially
• 22 Congressional Medal of Honor winners
• 2 Regiments raised in Massachusetts by Frederick
Douglass (Glory)
• Many executed by South as prisoners, as at Fort Pillow
• South attempted to enlist blacks in the last month of the
war, with little impact/effect
Black Troops from Company E
Black Troops from Company E
Company E, 4th U.S. Colored Infantry, photographed at Fort Lincoln, Virginia, in
1864. Nothing so symbolized the new manhood and citizenship among African
Americans in the midst of the war as such young black men in blue. (Chicago
Historical Society)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Slaves Resistance
Slaves still on plantations “fought” too.
How?
–
–
–
–
“slowdowns” and sabotage slow production
Runaways/contraband hurts labor force
Increasing incidents of violence
Southern men/military forced to stay at
plantations to watch for rebellion = fewer
soldiers fighting against North
Five generation slave family, Beaufort, S.C by T.H. O'Sullivan, 1862
Five generation slave family, Beaufort, S.C by T.H. O'Sullivan, 1862
This photograph of five generations of a slave family, taken in Beaufort, South
Carolina, in 1862, is silent but powerful testimony to the importance that enslaved
African Americans placed on their ever-threatened family ties. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
How did the Civil War change the
lives of African Americans?
Ins the South
In the North
How did the Civil War change the
economy?
In the South
In the North
ECONOMICS
IN THE SOUTH:
• Inability to collect taxes/weak central govt.
• Customs duties evaporate with Union blockade
• Transportation collapses
• Cotton Capitalism collapses
• SHORTAGES!!! FOOD RIOTS!!!
ECONOMICS
IN THE NORTH:
• Boom in manufacturing
• Profiteering & creation of a new millionaire class
• Integration of labor-saving devices: i.e. McCormick
reaper, sewing machine
• Introduction of “sizing” for clothing
• Women and minorities enter workforce (Dr.
Elizabeth Blackwell, Clara Barton, Dorothea Dix)
• Federal govt. institutes income tax for 1st time
How did the Civil War change the
economy?
In the South
In the North
How did the Civil War change the
lives of women?
In the South
In the North
Wounded at Fredericksburg
Wounded at Fredericksburg
In this photograph, taken outside an army hospital in Fredericksburg, Virginia, one of the many
women who served as nurses during the Civil War sits with some of her wounded charges.
Medical facilities and treatment for the wounded were woefully inadequate; most of those who
were not killed outright by the primitive surgical practices of the day either died from their
wounds or from secondary infections. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Women’s Contributions
• More soldiers die of infections and disease than from
wounds received on battle.
• Prisons, in particular, are deadly (most famously
Andersonville, in the South)
• Women establish the United States Sanitary Commission
• Clara Barton, “the angel of the battlefield,” pioneers on
the battlefield nursing. She later helps founds the
American Red Cross.
• Belle Boyd, famous as a nurse and spy for the South.
• Women in both the North and the South step in to men’s
roles in the economy as men are drawn off to war.
Carver Hospital, Washington, D.C. by Mathew Brady
Carver Hospital, Washington, D.C. by Mathew Brady
Clean and gaily decorated, this Union hospital was a vast improvement over
unsanitary field hospitals. (National Archives)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
How did the Civil War change the
lives of women?
In the South
In the North
11.3 Life During Wartime
A. How did African-Americans participate in the
war?
B. How did women participate in the war?
C. How were the economies of the North and the
South changed by the Civil War?
11.4 The North Takes Charge
Objectives:
A. What were the key battles of 1863
& 1864?
B. How did the North finally win the
war?
1. A particularly gruesome massacre of African-American
prisoners of war occurred at _________.
2. At the battle of Chancellorsville, ___________ was shot
by his own troops.
3. The Union’s total control of the Mississippi was finally
established by the Battle of _________.
4. ___________ is famous for his “March to the Sea,”
wherein his troops burned the South to destroy the South’s
will to fight.
5. ______________ ran against Lincoln for Pres. in 1864.
A.
C.
E.
F.
I.
Vicksburg
Antietam
Fort Pillow
Gen. McClellan
Gen. Jackson
B.
D.
G.
H.
J.
Appomattox
Gettysburg
Fort Sumter
Gen. Sherman
Gen. Grant
1. A particularly gruesome massacre of African-American
prisoners of war occurred at _________.
2. The Union’s total control of the Mississippi was finally
established by the Battle of _________.
3. ___________ is famous for his “March to the Sea,”
wherein his troops burned the South to destroy the South’s
will to fight.
4. ______________ ran against Lincoln for Pres. in 1864.
5. Lee surrendered at _______________.
A.
C.
E.
F.
I.
Vicksburg
Antietam
Fort Pillow
Gen. McClellan
Gen. Jackson
B.
D.
G.
H.
J.
Appomattox
New Orleans
Fort Sumter
Gen. Sherman
Gen. Grant
1. A particularly gruesome massacre of African-American
prisoners of war occurred at _________.
2. At the battle of Chancellorsville, ___________ was killed
by his own troops.
3. Picket’s Charge occurred during the battle of
___________.
4. The Union’s total control of the Mississippi was finally
established by the Battle of _________.
5. ___________ is famous for his “March to the Sea,”
wherein his troops burned the South to destroy the South’s
will to fight.
A.
C.
E.
G.
I.
Vicksburg
Antietam
Gettysburg
Fort Sumter
Gen. Jackson
B.
D.
F.
H.
J.
Sailor’s Creek
New Orleans
Fort Pillow
Gen. Sherman
Gen. Grant
Map: Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg: Winter of 1862 and spring of 1863, Gettysburg (July 1863).
War dead, Fredericksburg
War dead, Fredericksburg
Many soldiers entered the Civil War expecting excitement and colorful pageantry, but the
realities of war were harsh and ugly. This photograph by Union cameraman Andrew J. Russell
shows a line of southern soldiers who were killed while defending a position at Fredericksburg,
Virginia. Even after Union soldiers had breached the wall, the Confederates fought on, using
their rifles as clubs until they were all mowed down. Scenes like this became so common that
veterans reported that they became numb to the shock of death. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Gettysburg
• Meade’s 92,000 meet Lee’s 76,000 July1-3, 1863
• Total casualties: 30%
– Union losses, killed and wounded = 23,000
– Confederate losses, killed and wounded = 28,000
•
•
•
•
Close victory for Union after Pickett’s charge fails
Marks furthest northern advance of Confederacy
Ends discussion in Europe about helping South
Though South in decline, fighting goes on to 1865
Gettysburg: Prelude
• Burnside replaces McClellan as Union
commander after Antietam, is destroyed at
Fredericksburg, loosing 10,000.
• Hooker replaces Burnside, is destroyed at
Chancellorsville, replaced by Gen. Meade (for
Union).
• South looses Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson
during Chancellorsville, accidentally shot by his
own men.
Gettysburg: Day 1, July 1st
• Southern troops, many barefoot, hear that there
is a supply of shoes at Gettysburg.
• Union Gen. Buford recognizes that Gettysburg
has excellent roads and hills to use to fight Lee.
• Buford’s small force of dismounted cavalry
holds on long enough for reinforcements to
arrive.
• Stage is set: 90,000 Union troops will face
75,000 Southern troops the next day.
Gettysburg, Day #1
• July 1, 1863
• Union Calvary, John Buford
• Confederate foot soldiers,
A.P. Hill
• Buford saw how good the
land was.
– All roads converge
• Confederates had man
advantage, Union positional
advantage
• Lee saw the importance of the
high ground, couldn’t gain it
on the 1st day
• General Meade
Map: The Battle of Gettysburg
The Battle of Gettysburg
In the war's greatest battle, fought around a small market town in southern Pennsylvania, Lee's invasion of the North was
repulsed. Union forces had the advantage of high ground, shorter lines, and superior numbers. The casualties for the two
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
armies--dead, wounded, and missing--exceeded 50,000 men.
First Day at Gettysburg by James Walker
First Day at Gettysburg by James Walker
During the summer of 1863, Confederate General Robert E. Lee proposed a daring invasion into
Pennsylvania in hopes that it might force the Union to end the war. It proved to be a turning point, but not the
one Lee anticipated. At Gettysburg, a series of battles like the one shown here--this one on the first day of the
fighting--cost Lee more than half of his entire army and forced him to retreat back into Virginia. President
Lincoln hoped that the Union army would pursue the fleeing Confederates and destroy the remnants of Lee's
force, but he was disappointed when he learned that Lee had escaped. "Our Army held the war in the hollow
of their hand," Lincoln complained, "and they would not close it." (West Point Museum, United States
Military Academy, West Point, New York)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Gettysburg: Day 2, July 2nd
• Lee orders Gen. Longstreet to try to capture
Cemetery Ridge.
• Heavy fighting occurs in the Peach Orchard,
Devil’s Den, and the Wheatfield (now natl.
landmarks).
• Rebel troops try to capture Little Round Top to
position artillery on it.
• Colonel Chamberlain and men of Maine hold
hill and repulse attack with bayonet charge.
• Day is saved for Union. Lines hold.
Gettysburg, Day #2
• July 2, 1863
• Reinforcements
– Union (90,000)
– Confederate (75,000)
• Union held the high ground
– “Fish hook”
• Longstreet is ordered to attack
Cemetery Ridge
– Misgivings
• 4:00 pm attack across Wheat
field and Peach orchard
– Union send reinforcements to the
center
• Little Round Top
– Confederate move to flank the
Union
– 20th Maine
Map: The Battle of Gettysburg
The Battle of Gettysburg
In the war's greatest battle, fought around a small market town in southern Pennsylvania, Lee's invasion of the North was
repulsed. Union forces had the advantage of high ground, shorter lines, and superior numbers. The casualties for the two
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
armies--dead, wounded, and missing--exceeded 50,000 men.
Sharpshooter's Last Sleep, Devils Den
Sharpshooter's Last Sleep, Devils Den
This is a Civil War photograph of a sharpshooter at Devil's Den on the Gettysburg
battlefield. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Gettysburg: Day 3, July 3rd
• Lee tries to break center of Union line at a point
called “the angle.” Lee concentrates artillery
fire on Union lines on the ridge.
• Gen. Pickett’s men charge Union lines,
covering a mile of open ground and running up
ridge.
• Union artillery and infantry fire destroy
Pickett’s division. Every officer killed or
wounded.
• Lee withdraws. Meade does not counter-attack.
• Another lost opportunity?
Gettysburg, Day #3
• July 3, 1863
• Lee was optimistic going into
day 3
– Weakened the Union position
• Artillery assault on middle of the
line
– Cemetery Ridge
– 2 hours
• Lee ordered assault on the
middle of the line
– Pickett’s Charge
– Open field
• Union guns had remained silent
– Poor decision?
• Confederates prepared for a
counterattack
– Meade never ordered
Map: The Battle of Gettysburg
The Battle of Gettysburg
In the war's greatest battle, fought around a small market town in southern Pennsylvania, Lee's invasion of the North was
repulsed. Union forces had the advantage of high ground, shorter lines, and superior numbers. The casualties for the two
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
armies--dead, wounded, and missing--exceeded 50,000 men.
A Harvest of Death, Gettysburg, July 1863
A Harvest of Death, Gettysburg, July 1863
(Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Injured Confederate Soldiers Captured at Gettysburg, 1863 by Mathew Brady
Injured Confederate Soldiers Captured at Gettysburg, 1863 by Mathew Brady
At the end of the three-day Battle of Gettysburg, Lee's army had suffered over
25,000 casualties. These uninjured Confederate captives, who refused to face the
camera and stare off in different directions, may have spent the rest of the war in
northern prison camps. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Gettysburg Address
November 1863
• Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, not popular
at time, becomes part of national identity.
• Lincoln speaks for two minutes
• Follows popular speaker Edward Everett,
who speaks for two hours.
• Both men speak at a dedication of a
cemetery for the war dead.
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/gadd/images/platform.jpg
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/gadd/images/platform.jpg
Map: War in the West, 1861-1863
Vicksburg
• Confederates controlled of
Mississippi
• Grant sends his Calvary to
distract Confederates
– Destroy communication and
railroad lines
• Lands south of Vicksburg
– April 30, 1863
• 18 days of fighting
– Traveled east and then back to the
west
• Captured Jackson, Miss.
• Two Frontal assaults on
Vicksburg
– Both failed
• May 19th and 22nd
– Siege
Confederates surrender on
July 4, 1863
Day after Gettysburg
• Bombing
– Several hours a day
• Hardships faced by citizens
First ironclad gunboat built in America. The Saint Louis, ca. 1862
ARC Identifier 533123 / Local Identifier 165-C-630
Item from Record Group 165: Records of the War Department
General and Special Staffs, 1860 - 1952
http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/civil-war-docs/images/ironclad-gunboat.gif
Map: The War in the West, 1863: Vicksburg
The War in the West, 1863: Vicksburg
Grant first moved his army west of Vicksburg to a point on the Mississippi south of the town. Then he marched northeast,
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
taking Jackson, and finally west to Vicksburg.
Vicksburg – War in the West
• Strategic town on Mississippi, high bluffs and
big bend in river
• Grant’s initial assaults fail – uses siege
• Shells the city, soldiers and civilians each day
• Citizens move into caves and eat horses, rats
• Grant’s siege of Vicksburg succeeds on July 4,
one day after Gettysburg
• Confederacy is cut in half
• Union controls Mississippi & and border states
The 17th Illinois Infantry, 1864
The 17th Illinois Infantry, 1864
Veterans of the six-week siege of Vicksburg, the 17th Illinois Infantry remained to
garrison the Mississippi town. Posing for the camera in 1864, these battle-hardened
troops suggest the determination of the Union Army. (National Archives)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Grant’s “Total War” Strategy
• March 1864, Lincoln replaces Meade with Grant
• Grant grinds down Lee’s army with his 100,000 men
• “blood and guts” battles at Wilderness (50,000
killed) and Cold Harbor (7,000 in 7 minutes)
• Grant’s strategy = WAR OF ATTRITION!!!
• Called a “butcher.” From May 4 to June 18 he loses
65,000 to Lee’s 35,000.
• Lee cannot sustain his losses, Grant can.
Burial Party at Cold Harbor, Virginia
Burial Party at Cold Harbor, Virginia
Burial parties returned to battle fields after the battles to bury the dead. Here those
who didn't survive are buried in Cold Harbor, Virginia. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Telegram from Abraham Lincoln to Lt. Gen. Ulysses Grant at City
Point, Virginia, 08/17/1864
ARC Identifier 301640
Item from Record Group 107: Records of the Office of the Secretary of
War, 1791 - 1947
Map: The War in Virginia, 1864-1865
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Sherman’s March to the Sea
• Grant appoints William Tecumseh Sherman commander
in Mississippi. Sherman begins “total war” on South
• Targets homes, railways, crops, towns
• Burns everything in his path, burns Atlanta Sept. 1864
• After destroying GA, went into SC
GOAL:
destroy supplies destined for Northern front.
Weaken Southern morale and resolve to fight.
WAS IT A SUCCESS?
It did increase desertions and shorten war. Yet, many
atrocities occurred and civilians suffered most.
Map: Sherman's March to the Sea
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Sherman's March to the Sea
Sherman's March to the Sea
Determined to "make Georgia howl," William Tecumseh Sherman and his band of
"bummers" slashed their way through the South during the winter of 1864,
destroying military and civilian property along the way. This painting shows
Sherman astride a white horse looking on while his men rip up a rail line and burn
bridges and homes. (Collection of David H. Sherman)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Atlanta's Depot, 1864
Atlanta's Depot, 1864
Atlanta's depot in ruins after Sherman's
siege of the city in 1864. (Library of
Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
American Flag above Richmond State House, April 1865 by Mathew Brady
American Flag above Richmond State House, April 1865 by Mathew Brady
At the war's end, the U.S. flag flew over the state capitol in Richmond, Virginia,
which bore many marks of destruction. (National Archives )
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Election of 1864
• Democrats split into 3 groups – War Democrats, Peace
Democrats and Copperheads.
• Radical Republicans run on separate ticket.
• Republicans and War Democrats form the Union Party.
• McClellan runs on Southern Democratic ticket
• Lincoln wins 55% of vote:
- “bayonet votes”
- recent victories in war help
- opponents factionalism split the vote
• Lee surrenders at Appomatox Courthouse, April 9,
1865 (Lincoln assassinated April 14, 1865).
http://www.nps.gov/archiv
e/liho/1864/1864e.htm
http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/fi/000000c7.htm
FINAL ANALYSIS
•
•
•
•
Slavery ended
600,000 dead
1,000,000 wounded
$15 billion direct costs (higher indirect
costs)
• Nullification and Secession now defunct
• Republican democracy proven viable to
world
MILITARY CHANGES
•
•
•
•
•
Invention of rifle and minié ball  deadlier wars
Cavalry becomes obsolete
End of massed infantry charges (Pickett’s charge)
Beginning of trench warfare
End of wooden ships – age of ironclads begins
11.5 The Legacy of the War
Objectives:
A. What were the economic,
political, military and social
consequences of the war?
B. Why is the Civil War
considered a “turning point”?
Second Inaugural Address
(Prelude to Reconstruction)
Read Lincoln’s second inaugural address:
Answer the following:
What is the tone of the address?
Who is Lincoln addressing?
What strikes you most about the address?
How does it compare to political speeches you have
heard before?
In light if this document, why do some say that
Lincoln’s death was a tragedy for the South?
Lincoln's SECOND INAUGURAL ADDRESS (ABRIDGED)
If we shall suppose that American slavery is one of those offenses which, in the
providence of God, must needs come, but which, having continued through His
appointed time, He now wills to remove, and that He gives to both North and
South this terrible war as the woe due to those by whom the offense came, shall
we discern therein any departure from those divine attributes which the believers
in a living God always ascribe to Him? Fondly do we hope, fervently do we pray,
that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. Yet, if God wills that it
continue until all the wealth piled by the bondsman's two hundred and fifty years
of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash
shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, as was said three thousand years
ago, so still it must be said "the judgments of the Lord are true and righteous
altogether."
With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God
gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up
the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his
widow and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting
peace among ourselves and with all nations.
Lee with his son after the surrender
Lee with his son after the surrender
After opposing secession, General Robert E. Lee accepted a commission in the Confederate
army and commanded the Army of Northern Virginia for most of the war. Photographer
Mathew Brady took this picture of Lee (center), his son Major General G.W.C. Lee (left), and
his aide Colonel Walter Taylor (right) eight days after Lee's surrender to General Grant. The
forlorn expression on the general's face vividly demonstrates the agony of defeat. (Library of
Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
ASSASSINATION OF LINCOLN
• Lincoln assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on
April 14, 1865, five days after Lee’s surrender
• First president to be assassinated in US history
• 7 million Americans, 1/3 of North’s population,
viewed funeral train
Title: Assassination of President Lincoln at Ford's Theatre
Year: 1865
Creator: H.H. Lloyd & Co.
WHY DID THE SOUTH”S
STRATEGY FAIL? - ANALYSIS
• Northern Economy outperforms the South’s
– North is more industrialized
– North has more workers
– North has more transportation
• Northern states stay united; Lincoln is able to
control dissent
• North has more population
– People to work
– Men to fight
WHY DID THE SOUTH”S
STRATEGY FAIL? - ANALYSIS
• Uncle Tom’s Cabin moves people of England and France
to oppose their governments joining the South and
breaking the Union blockade/Anaconda Plan.
• Britain relies on Union grain shipments to off-set
shortages (King Corn defeats King Cotton)
• Trent and Alabama crises: these violations of neutrality
threaten war with Britain/Canada. Diplomacy succeeds
and Britain pays damages.
• Confederacy has same problems as Articles of
Confederation – weak central government
• Jefferson Davis not popular, threatened w/ impeachment
ECONOMIC CHANGES
IN THE NORTH:
• Economy booms and grows
• Institutes income tax for 1st time
• Construction of national railroad system
• Creation of national banks
• Instituted the “greenback” currency
• 179% inflation rate in 1865
IN THE SOUTH:
• Economic collapse
• Percentage of national wealth drops from 30 to 12%
• Income is 2/5 of Northern average
• 9,000% inflation rate at end of war!!!
SOCIAL and POLITICAL
COSTS and CHANGE
• Nullification and Secession now defunct,
BUT states’ rights STILL VERY MUCH ALIVE.
• Emancipation and Thirteenth Amendment end slavery
•
•
•
•
•
Power of the federal government greatly expanded
Republican democracy proven viable to world
Over 600,000 dead
Over 1,000,000 wounded
Over 3,000,000 men in uniform for 4 years (=10% of total
population)
• $15 billion direct costs (higher indirect costs)
• War debt and caring for wounded veterans consumes the federal
budget for the next several decades
MEANS TO AN END?
During the war Lincoln violated the Constitutional
limits on his powers:
1. Initiated blockade w/o advice/consent of Congress
2. Increased size of army w/o advice/consent of
Congress
3. Appropriated funds w/o advice/consent of Congress
4. Suspended habeas corpus
5. “supervised” voting in border states (intimidation)
6. Violated freedom of the press
7. Uses total war against South? Will it jeopardize the
peace?
Also, the DRAFT: Was it necessary? Just?
THINGS TO STUDY:
• IDENTIFICATIONS
• DATES: EMANCIPATION, Ft. SUMTER, MAJOR BATTLES,
LEE’S SURRENDER, LINCOLN’S ASSASSINATION
• QUESTIONS AT BEGINNING OF CHAPTER NOTES
• NOTES
• TIMELINE
• ESSAY TOPICS:
A. EMANCIPATION (CHART) & ROLE OF AFRICANAMERICANS
B. KEY TURNING POINTS
C. NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN STRATEGIES,
WHAT
THEY WERE, WHY FAIL, WHY SUCCEED
D. COMPARE/CONTRAST GENERALS