Download THE CIVIL WAR – The War on the Battlefield

THE CIVIL WAR – The War on the Battlefield
Modern War vs. Civil War
Modern War
Long-range Guns
Smart Bombs
Computer Aided
Civil War
Lines of Hundreds of
Men Facing Each Other
Separated Only by
1,000 Yards or Less
2 – 3 Men Deep
 Front Line Fired at
Opposing Troops While
Lines Behind Them
Reloaded Cannons
 Muskets Firing
FIRST MAJOR BATTLE OF THE CIVIL WAR,
MANASSAS (South)/BULL RUN (North)
JULY 21, 1861
ALTHOUGH MANY BELIEVED THE UNION TROOPS WERE
NOT READY, THE FIRST BATTLE TOOK PLACE 30 MILES
SOUTH OF WASHINGTON D.C.
THE CONFEDERATE ARMY WON THIS BATTLE AND BOTH
SIDES REALIZED THE WAR WOULD BE A LONG HARD
STRUGGLE.
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st
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Georgia’s
Regiment
Lost 184 of its 242 Men (76%)
ANTIETAM BATTLE MAP
CONFEDERATE GENERAL ROBERT E. LEE PLANNED TO
INVADE THE NORTH THROUGH MARYLAND FOR SUPPLIES.
A MAP WAS FOUND BY THE UNION ARMY THAT DETAILED
THE LOCATION OF THE CONFEDERATE FORCES.
UNION GENERAL GEORGE B. McCLELLAN PLANNED AN
ATTACK FOR SEPTEMBER 1862.
FOR TWO DAYS 60,000 UNION TROOPS
ATTACKED 30,000 CONFEDERATE
SOLDIERS.
BOTH SIDES LOST MORE THAN 50%
WHICH MADE THIS THE BLOODIEST
BATTLE OF THE ENTIRE CIVIL WAR.
THE CONFEDERATES WERE FORCED
TO RETREAT WHICH RESULTED IN THE
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LINCOLN VISITED GENERAL McCLELLAN AFTER
THE BATTLE AT ANTIETAM, 1862
THIS WAS AN IMPORTANT
VICTORY FOR THE NORTH
BECAUSE THE SOUTH
HAD BEEN ON THE
VERGE OF FOREIGN AID
WHICH MIGHT HAVE LED
TO A CONFEDERATE
VICTORY.
LINCOLN ISSUED THE
EMANCIPATION
PROCLAMATION
SHORTLY AFTER THIS
BATTLE.
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Freeing of the Slaves
On September 22,
1862, 5 days after the
Battle of Antietam,
President Lincoln issued
the Emancipation
Proclamation (a
document which
affected 4 million slaves
in the United States).
Lincoln Warned
• Lincoln warned the
Confederate states to end
the war, return to the
Union, and end 244 years
of slavery.
• Lincoln stated that unless
the South surrendered by
January 1, 1863, “all
slaves in states or districts
in rebellion against the US
will be thenceforth and
forever free.”
South Faced a Choice
Choice
#1
Choice
If surrender,
slavery would
continue in
the South
#2
If did NOT
surrender, the
institution of
slavery would
end.
The Confederates Chose to
Continue Fighting...
War in Georgia
• 100 Civil War Battles & Skirmishes in Georgia
• 92 of those Battles Were Part of Sherman’s
March to the Sea
Tybee Island & Fort Pulaski Attacked
Tybee Island
Fort Pulaski
Battle of Chickamauga
• Railroad line – just over the Georgia line near
Chattanooga, Tennessee
• Confederates defeated Union and forced them
back into Tennessee.
Battle of Atlanta
UNION
CONFEDERATES
General William T. Sherman
112,000 Men
Began a campaign toward Atlanta
through Dalton, Resaca,
Allatoona, Kennesaw Mountain,
New Hope Church
General Joseph E. Johnston
60,000 men
Because of shortage of
ammunition & men retreated
south
Jefferson Davis disagreed with
General Johnston’s strategies...He
thought Sherman should be
attacked head on...
Replaced Johnston with General
John Bell Hood
Hood led his troops in an attack
on Sherman and lost 11,000 men
in 2 days.
Battle moved to Atlanta.
Took Over Railroads & Factories
Evacuated City & Burned Atlanta
Confederate Battles = Named after
nearby towns or villages
Union Battles = Named after nearby
creeks, mountains, or other
geographical features.
Sherman’s March to the Sea
• Atlanta to Savannah
• Destroyed: military targets, civilian economic
system, farms, homes, towns, railroads, bridges,
roads
• Took 2 Months
• Estimated Damage =
$100 Million
UNION GENERAL SHERMAN LED
62,000 SOLDIERS 285 MILES
ACROSS GEORGIA TO CAPTURE
SAVANNAH, THE MAJOR
SEAPORT IN THE STATE.
ALONG THE WAY, SOLDIERS
BURNED AND LOOTED TO
ERADICATE ALL FOOD AND
SUPPLIES.
THE CAMPAIGN LASTED FIVE
WEEKS FROM NOVEMBERDECEMBER 1864.
THE UNION VICTORY WAS A
MAJOR TURNING POINT IN THE
WAR, ENDING ANY CHANCE OF A
CONFEDERATE VICTORY.
Sherman said...
“If the people of Georgia raise a howl against my
barbarity and cruelty, I will answer that war is
war and not popularity seeking.”
Sherman’s Message to President Lincoln
On December 22, 1864,
Sherman sent a message
to President Lincoln, “I
beg to present you as a
Christmas gift the City of
Savannah with 150 heavy
guns, plenty of
ammunition, also about
25,000 bales of cotton.”
Sherman Took Savannah the Next Day
VICKSBURG JULY 1863:
THIS BATTLE SPLIT THE SOUTH IN HALF
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UNION MAJOR GENERAL
GRANT WANTED TO
CAPTURE VICKSBURG AS IT
WAS LOCATED ON THE
MISSISSIPPI RIVER AND
WAS A MAJOR SUPPLY
ROUTE FOR THE SOUTH.
FROM THE WINTER OF 1862
THROUGH THE SUMMER OF
1863, THE UNION ARMY
ATTACKED; AND, AFTER
MANY CASUALTIES,
ULTIMATELY MADE THE
CONFEDERATE ARMY
SURRENDER ON JULY 4,
1863.
VICKSBURG,
MISSISSIPPI
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THE CONFEDERATE ARMY
TRIED TO INVADE THE
NORTH AGAIN THIS TIME IN
PENNSYLVANIA.
GETTYSBURG, JULY
1863
THE TWO ARMIES MET IN
THE SMALL TOWN OF
GETTYSBURG.
DURING EARLY JULY, OVER
THE COURSE OF THREE
DAYS, THE CONFEDERATE
ARMY TRIED
UNSUCCESSFULLY TO
FORCE THE UNION ARMY TO
RETREAT.
THE CONFEDERATE ARMY
LOST 28,000 MEN.
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GETTYSBURG
BEFORE AND AFTER THE BATTLE
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LINCOLN’S GETTYSBURG ADDRESS
LINCOLN TRAVELED TO
GETTYSBURG TO DEDICATE THE
CEMETERY AND COMMEMORATE THE
VICTORY. HE GAVE HIS FAMOUS
SPEECH ABOUT SACRIFICE SO THAT
LIBERTY WOULD EXIST FOR ALL.
FOUR SCORE AND
SEVEN YEARS AGO
OUR FATHERS
BROUGHT FORTH,
UPON THIS
CONTINENT, A NEW
NATION, CONCEIVED
IN LIBERTY, AND
DEDICATED TO THE
PROPOSITION THAT
“ALL MEN ARE
CREATED EQUAL”
DRAFT OF
LINCOLN’S
SPEECH
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Final Battles of the War
On January 13, 1865,
the North captured Fort Fisher
in North Carolina
and
closed the last Confederate
blockade-running port.
IN THE SPRING OF 1865,
GRANT OVERWHELMED
GENERAL LEE AT
PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA AND
THEN SEIZED RICHMOND,
VIRGINIA, THE CONFEDERATE
CAPITAL.
BATTLE MAP OF
GRANT’S FINAL
CAMPAIGN FOR
RICHMOND, VIRGINIA
THE LEADERS OF THE
CONFEDERATE GOVERNMENT
FLED AND LEE TRIED TO
ESCAPE TO THE WEST.
HOWEVER HE WAS TRAPPED
NEAR THE APPOMATTOX
COURTHOUSE IN VIRGINIA.
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RICHMOND, VIRGINIA AFTER THE BATTLE
GENERAL
ULYSSES S. GRANT
ROBERT E. LEE SURRENDERED AT THE Mc LEAN HOUSE IN
APPOMATTOX COURTHOUSE ON APRIL 9, 1865.
THIS ENDED THE CIVIL WAR WITH A UNION VICTORY.
THE Mc LEAN HOUSE
LEE SURRENDERED TO GRANT
South
General Robert E. Lee
Asked to Meet with Grant to
Talk about Ending the War
Jefferson Davis was Captured
near Irwinville, GA
April9, 1865 – General Lee
surrendered at Appomattox North
Courthouse in Virginia
General Ulysses S. Grant
Twice the Size of the South’s
Army
President Lincoln Refused
Unless South Surrendered
Major Battles of the War
Most Fought on Southern Soil
Sites of MOST Battles
#1 = Virginia
#2 = Tennessee
#3 = Georgia
Civil War Prisons
North
Point Lookout, Maryland
Camp Douglas, Illinois
Elmira, New York
Conditions Were Equally Poor
26,000 Confederate Prisoners
Died
South
Andersonville, Georgia
Dirty
Shanties
Not Enough Food, Water,
or Medical Supplies
Water Contaminated
Overcrowded
13,000 Union Prisoners
Died
Neither the North nor the South had foreseen the problems that
would be caused by large numbers of prisoners over a prolonged war
period.
Andersonville
Final Note about the War
• 620,000 Soldiers Died
• 1/3 Died from the War
• Others Died From:
disease
wounds
hardships of military prisons
• Total Cost = Exceeded $15
Billion
WHILE THE SOUTH WAS
DEVASTATED AND IN RUINS,
THE NORTH WILL EXPERIENCE
ECONOMIC GROWTH!