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Download File - Mr. Kawecki`s AP US History Class
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Transcript
The Reconstruction of the South Questions to be Answered What needs to be Reconstructed? Who should control Reconstruction? What should be the conditions for readmission to the Union? What should be done about the freed slaves? Lincoln’s Plan 10% Plan No Secession happened because it is illegal Rebellion was individual, not collective Presidential power to pardon Lenient plan Only 10% of a states population (other than high confederates) had to admit guilt and agree to end slavery for Amnesty to be granted. Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee rewrite Constitutions and are re-admitted under the plan. (They were occupied) Might win support for party and loyal states in South Willing to put issue of freedmen aside for rapid reunification Congressional Plan Concerned about Lincoln’s Plan being too lenient Denied seats to reconstructed states. Did not count Electoral votes from these states Wade-Davis Bill – 51% had to follow process AND say that they had never borne arms against the Union. ALL civil and military confederates would be disenfranchised Lincoln vetoes Bill Lincoln will begin to work with Radical Republicans to create a new bill. Gets killed before it can take place A question to answer that we really do not have time to answer, but I will ask anyway………. What were the impacts of Lincoln’s death AND who benefits the most from his death? President Andrew Johnson Truly a Democrat from Tennessee Hot tempered and tactless Not overly educated Full of resentment and very insecure Against freeing slaves Johnson’s Plan Called it “restoration” and felt that the White South should control its fate Offers Amnesty like Lincoln, but would force High Confederates to apply directly to him for a pardon Wanted to appoint governors of each state Require admission based on revoking secession, abolishing slavery, ratify 13th Amendment, and not pay Confederate debts By 1865, all Southern states had followed procedures, but Congress would not allow them to be represented in Washington Bitter about Southern attitudes (still had some slaves, elected former Confederates to office, wouldn’t grant suffrage to blacks) Congress tries to take over Reconstruction Congress would allow states in if they ratified the 14th Amendment Race riots occur in South (whites attacking blacks), angering people in North Radicals gain strength and win 2/3 majority in Congress in 1866 elections Start to write reconstruction legislation. Johnson vetoes. Congress overrides. This delay spans 2 years. South is still not reconstructed, South is getting angry and resentful Other than Tennessee, all southern states are put into 5 Military controlled districts. States could come in if they met Congressional standards Add 15th Amendment later as condition for re-admission Johnson is in the Way Johnson as President is in charge of implementing Radical reconstruction plans. Congress doesn’t like it Congress passes Tenure of Office Act which forbade the President to dismiss civil officials without Congressional consent. Meant to protect Stanton (only Lincoln appointee still around) Congress passes Command of the Army Act forcing Johnson to go through Commander of Army (Grant) to issue any orders (Constitutional?) Johnson fires Stanton. Congress Impeaches Johnson Johnson keeps job by 1 Vote in U.S. Senate End of Presidential Reconstruction Country is disappointed with Washington in-fighting No more impeaching Johnson is useless (Why?) Radicals lose support (Why?) Who will reconstruct now? Is anyone already reconstructing? Time to see what you know http://www.funtrivia.com/playquiz.cfm?qid=6 0031 http://home.att.net/~betsynewmark/Quizzesp age.html#Reconstruction Economic Chaos Bridges & Roads Destroyed Homes and Businesses in ruins Cities & Countryside Destroyed No valuable currency Limited Transportation System Economy is backwards & should be fixed? Work Force Decrease -Slaves -Death Social Chaos Southern Way of Life Gone Hunger, Disease, Homelessness Way of life is backwards & should be fixed? Condition of Freed Slaves? -Most can’t read or write -Didn’t own land -Couldn’t find work Political Chaos Who will Reconstruct? -Congress? -President? -Southerners? Should the South be punished? -State Suicide Argument (Sumner) -Conquered Territory Argument (Stevens) Who will be able to vote? Who will be able to hold office? Do we need Amendments? Will Democrats rise again? Individual Relief Efforts Laura Towne – took care of health & legal issues for former slaves Josephine Griffing – provided food, shelter, clothing, and job training for freed slaves. Asked Congress to find places on North & West for homeless blacks Freedman’s Bureau U.S. federal government agency that aided distressed refugees of the American Civil War. Aid former slaves through education, health care, and employment Helped establish homes and distribute food, established 4,000 schools and 100 hospitals for former slaves. Also helped freedmen find new jobs Could also help reunite families. Later, it focused its work on helping the freedmen adjust to their conditions of freedom. Restrictions on Freed slaves in the South Black Codes – Strict rules for Blacks only -no firearms unless licensed -Can’t start own businesses -no assembly unless whites are present -off streets by sunset -no travel without a permit Reaction to Black Codes -Congress refuses to allow Southern Senators & Reps into Washington unless they end codes -Southern leaders cannot be trusted Jim Crow Laws – promote separate but equal Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896) – Supreme Court legalizes Separate but Equal Lynching Southern Governments Disenfranchisement Voting Issues -Poll Tax -Literacy Test -Grandfather Clause KKK & Force Acts Carpetbaggers & Scalawags Race Riots Amendments & Reaction Graft & Debt Office holders representing general voting public? White South Reconstruction Sharecropping Tenant Farming Crop-Lien System Convict-Lease System Bourbon Redeemers vs. New Upper Class -Merchants, Industrialists, RR -James Duke KKK – Nathan Bedford Forrest Home Rule Solid South African American Reconstruction Internal vs. External Development Fable of “40 Acres & a Mule” Field work to domestic work W.E.B. DuBois - NAACP Education becomes backbone of growth for the African American culture -Booker T. Washington -Atlanta Compromise -Self Advancement – Economically -Less focus on Equality Congress proposes Amendments 13th (1865 14th (1868) 15th (1870) Many in North felt with passage of these Amendments, their job was done End of Reconstruction Disillusionment -Focus on own economy (Panic of 1873) -Social Darwinism in the North -Had its own political issues (corruption) Amnesty Acts Were Blacks inferior? By 1876, 7 of 11 Confederate states had been “redeemed” 3 came back into union after military pulled out. (Tennessee never went through reconstruction) Election of 1876 Impact of Civil War & Reconstruction Discrimination – Jim Crow Booker T. Washington & W.E.B. DuBois – NAACP Education for Blacks & Whites Supremacy of Federal Government Expansion of Federal Government Solid South Compromise of 1877 Tilden has 184 Electoral Votes (one shy of votes needed for Presidency) 20 votes are in dispute (Hayes gets all 20 to get to 185 Electoral Votes) Commission is started to vote on disputed votes (5 Senators, 5 Reps, 5 SC Justices) Vote goes down party lines 8-7 in favor of Hayes Secret Compromise included -Military withdrawn from South -Control of Federal Patronage in South -One Southerner to Cabinet -Internal Improvements in the South -Aid for a Transcontinental RR in South -Help build up Industry in South