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Reconstruction
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Reconstruction
The Rebuilding of the Union After
the Civil War 1863-1877
The
Emancipation
Proclamation
• The first step of
Reconstruction.
• Issued after the
Battle of
Antietam. (1862)
• Freed all slaves
located in
Confederate
States.
• Those slaves were
forever free.
• Slaves & Freemen
could join the
military.
• Took effect on
January 1st, 1863.
What is Slavery?
“Slavery is enjoying the fruits of another
man’s labor, without permission.”
How do you enjoy freedom?
“Give us land and then we can enjoy the
fruits of our labor.”
• Sherman began to set aside land in plots
of 40 acres and gave out the worn down
mules from the military
April 9, 1865
Appomattox Court House, Virginia
“Blacks who have so
heroically vindicated
their manhood on the
battle-field, where, in
assisting to serve the
life of the Republic,
they have demonstrated
in blood their right to
the Ballot.”
“The restoration of the
Rebel States to the
Union must rest upon
the principle of Civil
and political equality of
both races.”
April
th
14 ,
1865
"Our country owed all her troubles to him,
and God simply made me the instrument of
his punishment"
Oh Captain!
My Captain!
Lesson Objectives
•
•
•
What were the opposing views of
Reconstruction in the wake of the Civil
War?
Who supported these competing views
and why?
Was Reconstruction a success? Why or
why not?
Virgil Caine is the name, and I
served on the Danville train
'Til Stoneman's cavalry came and
tore up the tracks again.
In the winter of '65, We were
hungry, just barely alive.
By May the tenth, Richmond
had fell, it's a time I remember,
oh so well,
Back with my wife in Tennessee,
When one day she called to me,
"Virgil, quick, come see, there goes
Robert E. Lee!"
Now I don't mind choppin' wood,
and I don't care if ma money's
no good.
Ya take what ya need and ya
leave the rest,
But they should never have
taken the very best.
Like my father before me, I’m a
working man,
Like my brother before me, who
took a rebel stand.
He was just eighteen, proud and brave,
But a Yankee laid him in his grave.
The War Is Over?
"The countryside looked for many miles
like a broad, black streak of ruin and
desolation, the fences all gone, lonesome
smokestacks surrounded by dark heaps of
ashes and cinders. The fields along the
road wildly overgrown by weeds, and here
and there a sickly patch of cotton or corn
cultivated by Negro squatters." - Carl
Schurz
Questions to be Answered during
Reconstruction
• How would the South rebuild its society
and economy?
• What would be the place in society of the
freed blacks?
• How would the southern states reenter the
Union?
• Who would be in charge, the President or
Congress?
Conflicts Still Remain…
North hopes to continue
economic progress
Southern Aristocracy still needed
cheap labor supply
Lincoln believed the southern states
had never left the Union because
the Constitution did not allow
Secession
“With Malice toward none, with
charity for all, with firmness in the
right, as God gives us to see the
right, let us strive on to finish the
work we are in, to bind up the
nation's wounds.”
Abraham Lincoln
2nd Inaugural Address
Proclamation of Amnesty and
Reconstruction 1863
• Full presidential pardons granted to most
southerners who (1) took an oath of
allegiance to the Union and US
Constitution and (2) accepted the
emancipation of slaves.
• A state government could be reestablished
as soon as 10% of the voters in that state
took the loyalty oath
This 10% Plan was seen by many
northerners as too lenient
The Wade-Davis Bill was a more harsh
response passed by a Radical
Republican led Congress.
With Lincoln’s untimely death,
the conflict between the
Presidency and Congress over
Reconstruction erupted.
The Wrong Man at the Wrong Time
• A white
supremacist from
Tennessee
• A Tailor by trade
• Self-educated
man
• Became President
after Lincoln’s
Assassination
“Lick My Boots!”
• Johnson changed plan
from 10% to 51%
• State Conventions must
pass the 13th Amendment
abolishing slavery
• Added that if a Southerner
who owned property worth
$20,000 or more they
were excluded and must
request a pardon
personally before Andrew
Johnson
– Johnson hated this upper
class of Southerners and
blamed them for starting the
war
Johnson’s Plan
• Considered too lenient
like Lincoln’s
• Clause allowed
president to grant
pardons, which he did
regularly to former
southern statesmen
(Who else would run
the South?)
• Johnson was willing to admit states once
the portion that swore the loyalty oath had
written a constitution and established a
new government
• The South rushed to form new
governments that they would have a say in
forming before the new Congress returned
The South’s
Response –
Black
Codes
• Many states passed
laws restricting the
rights of freedmen.
• Vagrancy laws – forced
former slaves to work
for low wages for the
same people who used
to own slaves
Radical Republicans
• Believed the South should be punished for
starting the war
• Hoped to protect the rights of freed men –
especially suffrage and free labor
Race Riots Break out in South
• Increases great fear across North that
Reconstruction is not working and freedmen
are being exploited and attacked.
Election of 1866
“Waving the Bloody Shirt”
• Angered by President Johnson’s policies
and pardons many Radical Republicans
were elected to Congress
• Gave the Radicals enough power to
override Johnson’s actions
“Congress alone can do it. . . Congress
must create states and declare whether
they are to be represented.”
Thaddeus Stevens
Charles Sumner
Johnson & Congress Clash
• Congress extended the Freedmen’s
Bureau over Johnson’s Veto
• Passed over Johnson’s Veto, the Civil
Rights Act of 1866 designed to grant
freedmen full legal equality and undercut
the Black Codes
Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act
– Stated that the President could not fire any
official approved by the Senate unless the
Senate approved the firing.
Get Your Tickets!
Johnson fired Secretary of War Edwin Stanton
Andrew Johnson was impeached by the House
of Representatives but missed by two votes in
the Senate to find him guilty
Radicals Make it Official
13th Amendment – Abolished Slavery in the United
States (1865)
14th Amendment – defined citizenship to include
freed blacks; guarantees due process of law and
equal protection under law; Ties representation in
the House to the proportion of male suffrage in a
state’s population (overrides 3/5 clause. (1866)
15th Amendment – gave the right to vote to any
male, regardless of race (1870)
Reconstruction Act of 1867
• Divided South in to 5 military districts and
placed them under military rule
• Required states to ratify the 14th
Amendment
• Guaranteed freedmen the right to vote in
conventions to write new state
constitutions
“Custodians of Freedom!”
• Equality Now Written into the Constitution!
• The Federal government now became the protector of
Civil Rights
• Aggrieved citizens would not appeal to the Federal
government when their rights may had been violated
• Enforcement Act – issued to enforce new rights (Secret
Service expanded to oversee the enforcement)
1865 Freedmen’s Bureau
• Established to educate newly freed
slaves (Fisk, Howard University)
• Feed those suffering after the war
• Worked to help turn former slaves into
wage earners – labor contracts
Freed Blacks rise to Government
Positions during Radical
Reconstruction
Hiram Revels
was 1st Black
Senator
First Black members
of Congress
Realities and Responses to
Reconstruction
• Carpetbaggers - Republicans from the
North who took advantage of the broken
South and packed their bags to gain
politically and economically in the South
• Scalawags – Term for “rascals”,
Southerners who quickly converted to
Republicans
One view of
Reconstruction
Changes in Southern Agriculture
• Debt peonage – Planters signed former
slaves to labor contracts in which planters
gave money to laborers in exchange for
work. Kept the freedman in constant debt.
• Sharecropping – Farmers grew a crop on
land owned by someone else in return for
a percentage of the crop
• Tenant Farmers – Farmers who paid rent
to use of land
“This is an institution of Chivalry,
Humanity,
Mercy
and
Patriotism, of white
“We hold this
to be
a government
embodying
in its
its principles
people, made
andgenius
to be and
perpetuated
for
all
is chivalric
in conduct,
noble
in and
thethat
exclusive
benefit
of the white
race,
sentiment,
generous
in manhood
and
… that people
of African
descent cannot
patriotic
in purpose.”
goals
are “to
be considered
citizensOur
of the
United
protect
innocent
States, the
andweak,
that there
can, and
in no event, nor
defenseless,
to protect andbe
defend
the
under any circumstances,
any equality
constitution
of the
States.”
between white
andUnited
other races.”
Matching
“We hold this to be a government of white
people, made and to be perpetuated for the
exclusive benefit of the white race, and …
that people of African descent cannot be
considered citizens of the United States, and
that there can, in no event, nor under any
circumstances, be any equality between
white and other races.”
“This is an institution of Chivalry, Humanity,
Mercy and Patriotism, embodying in its
genius and its principles all that is chivalric
in conduct, noble in sentiment, generous in
manhood and patriotic in purpose.” Our
goals are “to protect the weak, innocent and
defenseless, to protect and defend the
constitution of the United States.”
The White’s “Social Club”
• Ku Klux Klan – group that formed
primarily in the South in response to
Congress’ pro-black legislation that
promised to “defend the social and political
superiority” of whites against the
“aggressions of an inferior race.”
The Klan
• Led by former Confederate
General Nathan Bedford
Forrest
• Used violence and intimidation
to prevent blacks from voting,
holding office, and exercising
their civil, political, and
economic rights.
• President Grant sent troops to
the South to stop the domestic
violence of the KKK
• By 1876, white supremacists
gain control over Southern
states.
Reconstruction ends
with a Compromise
• Election of 1876 : Hayes versus Tilden
• Election results were in dispute
– Compromise – Rutherford B. Hayes would
become president if he promised to remove
federal troops from southern states.
The Fourteenth Amendment restrains
only state action. And the fifth section of
the Amendment empowers Congress
only to enforce the prohibition on state
action. The amendment did not
authorize national legislation on
subjects which are within the domain of
the state. Private acts of racial
discrimination were simply private
wrongs that the national government
was powerless to correct.
Which of the Following was an action
supported by the radical Republicans
during Reconstruction?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Sharecropping by Freedmen
The Ku Klux Klan
Freedman’s Bureau
Black Codes