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A Nation Divided Leading to secession… • Lincoln elected President in 1860 with no Southern votes • Southern States lose voice in Congress • Argument over slavery • Extra burden on South due to tariffs Secession • South Carolina secedes on December 24, 1860 citing the doctrine of state’s rights • 10 other Southern states follow in the next few months: • Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia 1. State South Carolina Seceded from Union Dec. 20, 1860 Readmitted to Union1 July 9, 1868 2. Mississippi Jan. 9, 1861 Feb. 23, 1870 3. Florida Jan. 10, 1861 June 25, 1868 4. Alabama Jan. 11, 1861 July 13, 1868 5. Georgia Jan. 19, 1861 July 15, 1870 6. Louisiana Jan. 26, 1861 July 9, 1868 7. Texas March 2, 1861 March 30, 1870 8. Virginia April 17, 1861 Jan. 26, 1870 9. Arkansas May 6, 1861 June 22, 1868 10. North Carolina May 20, 1861 July 4, 1868 11. Tennessee June 8, 1861 July 24, 1866 2 Confederate States of America • Established in Feb. 1861—Jefferson Davis is elected President, capital is in Richmond, VA • Lincoln states in inaugural address that the secession is “legally void” • Southern states begin taking over installations, custom houses, and ports Civil War Begins • On April 10, 1861, Brig. Gen. Beauregard, in command of the provisional Confederate forces at Charleston, South Carolina, demanded the surrender of the Union garrison of Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor. Garrison commander Anderson refused. On April 12, Confederate batteries opened fire on the fort, which was unable to reply effectively. At 2:30 p.m., April 13, Major Anderson surrendered Fort Sumter, evacuating the garrison on the following day. The bombardment of Fort Sumter was the opening engagement of the American Civil War. Although there were no casualties during the bombardment, one Union artillerist was killed and three wounded (one mortally) when a cannon exploded prematurely when firing a salute during the evacuation. • Lincoln wants to preserve the Union at all costs • Gov’ts of Missouri and Kentucky remained in the Union—but rival fractions of these two states fought on both sides • When Virginia met in the wake of the shots being fired at Ft. Sumter, 32 of the 47 Western delegates voted against joining the CSA = Virginia and West Virginia America Expects a Short War NORTH • More resources: factories, railroads, larger population (22 million), better finances • Strategy--Anaconda Plan: blockade ports, split South on Mississippi River, capture capital • • • • • • SOUTH Struggling to make it as a nation Strategy is defensive Generals are more experienced Know land and climate-used to being outside Generals encouraged to attack when opportunity arises Seek help from Britain Bull Run • July 21, 1861 • Union= McDowell CSA=Stonewall Jackson • Union takes upper hand, but by late afternoon CSA reinforcements arrive turning the tide • Union retreats • CSA too exhausted and disorganized to follow • CSA Victory = boosted morale • Citizens watched the battle Shiloh • • • • April 1862 Union: Grant CSA: Johnston CSA attacks first at dawn—unexpected, Grant reorganizes and counterattacks next morning • Costly victory for Grant • Demonstrates the cost of war will be tremendous Antietam • • • • Sept. 1862 Union: McClellan, Hooker CSA: Lee, Burnside Bloodiest single day of the war—more than 26,000 • Union Victory, but do not proceed after retreating Confederates Confederate Victories • Dec. 1862—Fredericksburg • May 1862—Chancellorsville: Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson killed by friendly fire Emancipation Proclamation • Issued by Lincoln • Freed all slaves in enemy territory • Used as military strategy—without slaves, South has no slave labor! • Gave higher cause to war • January 1, 1863 Gettysburg • • • • • July 1863 Lee invades the North Union: Meade CSA: Lee Pickett’s Charge: final attempt by CSA to turn battle around • Turning point of war as Lee is defeat • Marks not receiving aid from Britain • Confederate moral low at this point • Gettysburg Address: • One of greatest speeches in American history • Lincoln dedicated the Gettysburg battlefield Four score and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth upon this continent a new nation: conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war. . .testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated. . . can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate. . .we cannot consecrate. . . we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us. . .that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion. . . that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain. . . that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom. . . and that government of the people. . .by the people. . .for the people. . . shall not perish from the earth. Vicksburg: South is Split • • • • • July 1863 Vicksburg Union: Grant CSA: Pemberton Long siege— Vicksburg falls just one day after Gettysburg • Splits the CSA at Mississippi River, 2nd turning point • Grant is called by Lincoln to command Union forces http://www.pbs.org/civilwar/war/map11.html Sherman’s March to the Sea • • • • • • 1864 Union: William Tecumseh Sherman Total warfare—”War is Hell” Burning of Atlanta Idea was to destroy the will to fight Path of destruction—killed crops, livestock, houses, businesses, etc. A Georgia Girl describes the results of Sherman’s March “The fields were trampled down and the road was lined with carcasses of horses, hogs, and cattle that the invaders, unable to consume or to carry away with them, had wantonly shot down, to starve out the people and prevent them from making their crops…The dwellings that were standing all showed signs of pilage…while here and there stood lonely chimney stacks…homes laid in ashes…” Confederacy Wears Down • After losses at Gettysburg and Vicksburg morale was low • Food, shoes, uniforms, guns and ammunition were in short supply • Grant’s goal is to immobilize the Confederates by fighting battle after battle, he has the population to replace losses • Lee is in retreat, Sherman is coming up from the South • Lincoln wants war to end War Ends • • • • Appomattox Courthouse April 9, 1865 Grant surrounds Lee outside of Richmond Lee surrenders at Appomattox Courthouse • APRIL 14, 1865 THE AMERICAN FLAG IS RAISED AT FORT SUMTER!! FAST FACTS • First modern war (large casualties, total warfare, very little hand to hand combat, new weapons like repeating riffle, iron clad ships, telegraph and railroad, trench warfare, and observation balloons) • Bloodiest conflict in American history • Brother against Brother • Claimed more lives than the Revolution, WWI, WWII, War of 1812, and Vietnam combined. Civil War Timeline Part 2 • Create a timeline • Include 2 major fact about each event • Include the month and year of the event • Give your timeline a title • Include at least 3 additional pictures • QUIZ GRADE! • DUE FRIDAY AT BEGINNING OF CLASS • • • • • • • • • • Gettysburg Vicksburg Ft. Sumter Appomattox Courthouse Bull Run Antietam Emancipation Proclamation Sherman’s March Chancellorsville Shiloh Civil War Timeline Part 2 • • • • • • • Create a timeline Include 2 major fact about each event Include the month and year of the event Give your timeline a title Include at least 3 additional pictures QUIZ GRADE! DUE FRIDAY AT BEGINNING OF CLASS • • • • • • • • • • Gettysburg Vicksburg Ft. Sumter Appomattox Courthouse Bull Run Antietam Emancipation Proclamation Sherman’s March Chancellorsville Shiloh