Download Unit 7 – Crisis, Civil War, and Reconstruction - slloyd

UNIT 7 – Crisis, Civil War, and
Reconstruction
Unit 7 – Analyze the Issues that led to the
Civil War, the effects of the war, and the
impact of Reconstruction on the Nation
Goal 7.1– Evaluate the role of compromise and crisis in
bringing about the American Civil War
Mexican-American War
• Southerners supported war – saw it as an
opportunity to extend slavery and increase
Southern power in Congress. (James K. Polk)
• Northern Abolitionists opposed war – saw it as a
plot to expand slavery and ensure Southern
domination in Congress.
EVENT / DATE
KEY FIGURES
What happened?
How did it increase tension between N & S?
Why is it historically significant?
ILLUSTRATION
Mexican American War / April 1846 – February 1848
James K. Polk, Santa Anna, Zachary Taylor, Winfield Scott,
Nicholas Trist
What happened?
How did it increase tension between N & S?
•Expansionist President Polk and supporters of Manifest
Destiny coveted California
• Provoked Mexican attack on U.S. troops by sending
Zachary Taylor and army onto Mexican territory between
Rio Grande and Nueces “American blood upon
American soil”
•Southerners supported war – saw it as an opportunity to
extend slavery and increase Southern power in Congress.
•Northern Abolitionists opposed war – saw it as a plot to
expand slavery and ensure Southern domination in
Congress.
• U.S. military dominance won war
in a year and ended
with the Treaty of Guadelupe -Hidalgo
Why is it historically significant?
• U.S. military leaders and soldiers got experience for
Civil War
• U.S. border grew south to Rio Grande and west to
California (right before gold rush of 1849)
• Major blemish on U.S. –Latin American relations; U.S.
bitterly viewed as greedy bully to the north
• Enraged Northerners fear of expanding “slavocracy”
and fueled Southern ambition to expand slave territory.
ILLUSTRATION
The Compromise of 1850
–
–
Agreement that gave Free States more power in
Congress; disrupted balance of power est. by Missouri
Comp.; gave Slave States a strict Fugitive Slave Act.
Angered Abolitionists in North who would be forced to
enforce slavery in Free States by forcing the return of
fugitive slaves to their masters.
Fugitive Slave Act
• Most controversial part of Compromise of 1850.
• Protected 5th Amendment property rights of
slave owners throughout U.S.
• Imposed defense of slavery on Northern Free
States.
The Underground Railroad
• Harriett Tubman and other “conductors” assisted
thousands of fugitive slaves in their escape to freedom
• Tubman became known as the “Moses of her people”
• Southern Slave owners became extremely suspicious
and fearful of outsiders; passed strict Slave Codes.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)
–
–
Increased support for Abolitionist Movement by
exposing brutality and inhumanity of slavery.
Increased anger in the South against attacks on
slavery from book called “a pack of lies”.
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
–
–
Repealed Missouri Compromise of 1820 by popular
sovereignty to allow potential for spread of slavery
into Kansas and Nebraska
Raised fear that slavery was spreading control of
U.S.; led to creation of Republican Party that
opposed spread of slavery
Birth of the Republican Party
–
–
Abolitionists who feared a conspiracy to spread
slavery throughout the United States organized into
political movement after the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
Established a platform that opposed popular
sovereignty and the spread of slavery into the
territories; some supported full abolition of slavery.
“Bleeding Kansas”
•
Dispute over popular sovereignty
that erupted into violence as
“free-soilers” and pro-slavery
forces clashed over who would
control the new state.
The Caning of Charles Sumner
•
Tension and violence over slavery spill
over onto the floor of Congress as
debate involves personal attacks.
Dred Scott v. Sanford
–
–
–
Declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional;
property rights of slave owners cannot be denied in the
U.S.
Upheld the Fugitive Slave Act and legalized the ownership
of slaves throughout the U.S.
Denied citizenship rights to ALL African-Americans –
eventually made 14th Amendment necessary
The Lincoln-Douglas Debates
–
–
–
Stephen Douglas defended the principle of
Popular Sovereignty and states’ rights to
chose their own status (favored by the
South)
Lincoln argued for stopping the spread of
slavery into new territories and states.
Abraham Lincoln emerged as a rising star
in the Republican Party saying, “A House
Divided cannot stand…this govt. cannot
endure permanently half slave and half
free.”
"A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this
government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. I do
not expect the union to be dissolved, I do not expect the house to fall,
but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing
or all of the other."
Election of 1860
–
–
Point at which Slave States lost power to stop
abolitionist legislation in Congress and the
White House; feared attacks on states’ rights
and slavery would soon follow.
Outraged Southern states that president was
elected without even being on the ballot in 10
southern states; southern interests were no
longer represented in govt.; caused secession
Secession of Confederate States
•
Convinced that the
Federal
government no
longer represented
their interests, 11
southern states
declared their
independence
from the U.S. and
formed the
Confederate
States of America
Causes of the Civil War Review
1. The official name of the Antislavery movement was the
_____________________________.
2. When Stephen Douglas argued in support of popular sovereignty, he
wanted new states to be able to _______________________________.
3. Many northerners were angered by the Kansas-Nebraska Act because it
a. included a strict Fugitive Slave Act.
b. allowed for popular sovereignty and the spread of slavery.
c. was supported by many southerners.
d. overturned an earlier Supreme Court decision.
4. Lincoln’s election led many Southerners to which conclusion?
a. both free and slave states would continue to be admitted to the Union
b. the South should secede from the Union
c. the South would have increased control in the federal government
d. slavery would cease in all newly created territories
5. The idea that the US was created by the states and that the states could
leave, or secede, from the Union if they wanted to represents the concept
of:
a. republicanism
b. states’ rights
c. nationalism
d. popular sovereignty
• "A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this
government cannot endure permanently half slave and half
free. I do not expect the union to be dissolved, I do not
expect the house to fall, but I do expect it will cease to be
divided. It will become all one thing or all of the other.“
• “My paramount object in this struggle is to save the
Union, and it is not to either save or destroy slavery. If
I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would
do it, and if I could save the Union by freeing all the
slaves, I would do it; and if I could save the Union by
freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do
that.”
- President Abraham Lincoln
Firing on Fort Sumter
•
Point at which Confederacy started war
for independence, and the Union
accepted war to “preserve the Union”.
North vs. South in 1861
North
South
Advantages
?
?
Disadvantages
?
?
Rating the North & the South
Men Present for Duty
in the Civil War
Slave/Free States Population,
1861
Railroad Lines, 1860
Resources: North & the South
The Union & Confederacy in 1861
Goal 7.2 – Identify political and military turning
points of the Civil War and assess their
significance to the outcome of the Civil War.
1.
Which 4 slaveholding states remained loyal to the Union? Why? What
were they called?
– Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware
– Slave-holding interests were minority in state legislatures
– “Border States”
2. Which Union State did not exist at the beginning of the Civil War?
– West Virginia – had few slaves; did not want to fight for slavery; letter to
Lincoln asking to become separate state; Congress approved
– Seceded from VA when VA seceded from Union
3. At the outset of the war, what advantages did the Union Army possess?
– Population, Army, Navy, Political leadership, Transportation system,
Industrial resources, economic diversity
4. What advantages did the Confederacy possess?
– Military Leadership – Robert E. Lee, Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson
– Military skill – hunters, outdoorsmen, southern military schools
– Motivation – fighting for defend home, honor, and lifestyle (slavery)
– “Homefield Advantage”
5. Under what circumstances would it be possible for the Confederacy to win
the war?
–
Get alliance with Britain and/or France
(depended on southern cotton for manufacturing)
–
Quick war before shortages of personnel and resources took effect
6. What was the Confederate strategy to win the war?
–
Fight defensive war; Hold out long enough to get support of European
countries (Britain & France)
–
Hit-and-run, guerilla tactics; preserve men and resources
7. Under what circumstances would it be possible for the Union to win the war?
–
Quick war – huge advantages overwhelm Confederacy; quick victories
would kill spirit of Confederates
–
Long War – Confederacy would eventually run out of soldiers and
supplies
8. What was the Union strategy to win the war?
–
“Anaconda Plan” – suffocate the Confederacy
• Blockade Southern ports the prevent European trade
• Cut South in half to divide and conquer; cut off supply lines
• Capture Southern Capital city, Richmond
9. Which battle destroyed Northerners hopes that the war would end quickly?
–
Bull Run I in Manassas, VA
Battle of Bull Run I – July 21, 1861
Eastern Theater
Thomas J.
“Stonewall”
Jackson
First major battle of the Civil War in which the outnumbered
Confederates shockingly defeated the Union Army. This
made it clear the war would NOT end quickly and that the
Union was in for an unexpected struggle.
DATE
THEATER
July 21, 1861
Eastern Theater
Manassas, Virginia
BATTLE
Bull Run I
VICTOR
Confederate Victory
SIGNIFICANCE
First major battle of the Civil War. The
Confederate victory made it clear that
the war would NOT end quickly and
that the Union was in for an
unexpected struggle.
“You Make the Call!”
• The class will be divided into Presidential Advisory
Committees. Your job is to consider all the possible
scenarios and potential outcomes that Abraham
Lincoln had to consider in dealing with the issue of
slavery during the Civil War.
• Read and consider the merits of ALL four options
available to President Abraham Lincoln in 1862.
• As a committee you should CHOOSE 1 option that
you will recommend to Congress and President
Lincoln concerning the question of slavery.
• Each individual on your committee will then have 20-30 minutes
to write a written statement justifying your committee’s choice.
• Written responses should include: (not to exceed 1 written page)
– Introduction that provides background info on the issue
of slavery, AND a clear statement (THESIS) of your
committee’s recommendation to the President.
– At least three details or points from the information
provided to support your recommendation.
– A conclusion that boldly restates committee’s opinion.
• The committee then reconvenes to QUIETLY read and consider
whose statement will be read aloud to Congress (the class) and
President (Mr. Lloyd).
• The committee spokesperson will report your final
recommendation to Congress (the class) and President Lincoln
(Mr. Lloyd)
• ALL written statements will be turned in to Mr. Lloyd at the end
of class.
When and how was slavery
abolished in the
United States?
1. Which battle destroyed Northerners hopes that the war would end quickly?
– Bull Run I
2. Which side in the war had the advantage during the early stages of the war?
– The Confederacy
3. Which battle prompted President Lincoln to issue the Emancipation
Proclamation? Why?
– Antietam
– 1st major victory for Union after long string of losses
– Wanted to change “cause” of war; and keep Britain from joining South
4. Which battle was the turning point of the war in the East?
– Gettysburg
– Lee lost over half of his army and those left were losing the will to fight
5. Which battle was the turning point of the war in the West?
– Vicksburg
– Helped the Union complete the Anaconda Plan by taking last
Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River
6. What was the bloodiest single day in U.S. history?
– Antietam, MD – 25,000 casualties
7. What was the bloodiest battle of the Civil War?
– Gettysburg, PA – 50,000 in 3 days
8. Where did the Civil War end?
– Appomattox Court House, VA (The Wilmer McLean House)
• “My paramount object in this struggle is to
save the Union, and it is not to either save or
destroy slavery. If I could save the Union
without freeing any slave I would do it, and if
I could save the Union by freeing all the
slaves, I would do it; and if I could save the
Union by freeing some and leaving others
alone, I would also do that.”
- President Abraham Lincoln
How did the Emancipation Proclamation
change the outcome of the war?
• “I do order and declare that all persons
held as slaves within [all states currently
in rebellion against the Union] are, and
henceforward shall be, free; and that the
Executive Government of the United
States, including the military and naval
authorities thereof, shall recognize and
maintain the freedom of said persons.”
• President Lincoln – “Emancipation Proclamation”
EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION
President Abraham Lincoln issued the
Emancipation Proclamation on January 1,
1863, as the nation approached its third
year of bloody civil war. The proclamation
declared "that all persons held as slaves"
within the rebellious states "are, and
henceforward shall be free."
Consequences of
Emancipation Proclamation
– Did not immediately free a single slave (applied only to
Confederate territories)
– Slavery in border states was allowed to continue (kept Border
States on Union side by not alienating slave owners)
– Endorsed policy of abolition; made the war about slavery
– Union soldiers now fought against slavery, not just secession and
rebellion; motivated Union soldiers to fight harder
– Encouraged fugitive slaves to join Union troops in fighting against
Confederacy (180,000 African American Union soldiers)
– Ended chance of France or Britain entering war on side of the
South
– Laid foundation for 13th Amendment (“henceforward”) which
eventually freed slaves in Border States as well as reconstructed
Southern states.
back
A parent sets their child’s curfew at 12:00 midnight on weekend
nights. The child comes home at 12:30 am on Sat. night.
• (RED) As the CHILD, how do you think the parent should appropriately
respond to you missing curfew by 30 minutes?
• (BLACK) As the PARENT, how do you think you should appropriately
respond to your child missing curfew by 30 minutes?
• What happens if the parent doesn’t punish the child at all?
• What happens if the parent grounds the child for a month for
being 30 minutes late?
• Who is the parent?
• Who is the child?
“With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness
in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on
to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation’s
wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle
and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which may
achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among
ourselves and with all nations.”
Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural Address, March 4, 1865
Goal 3.4 – Analyze the political, economic, and social
impact of Reconstruction on the nation and identify the
reasons why Reconstruction came to an end.
• After the country had been torn apart for 4 years
during the Civil War, it had to be ________________.
When the Confederacy lost the Civil War they lost
their struggle to establish ______________________,
and the Union’s victory meant that the ____________
_________________ had supreme power to decide
on issues like_______________. Unfortunately, the
____________________________ did not say what
should happen when there is a Civil War, so when the
war ended a serious _________________________
began between the President and Congress over who
should be in charge of ________________________.
• By rebelling against the US government for 4
years, every member of the Confederate army
and govt. had committed the crime of
________________________, and the
punishment for this crime was ____________.
President Lincoln, however, introduced a plan
called the __________________________
which could be described as a
____________________ plan for
reconstructing the country. His plan reflected a
“let ‘em up easy” attitude by giving
__________________ to all southerners except
Confederate leaders, and by allowing
Confederate states back into the Union if 10%
of their registered voters _________________.
• Congress disagreed with Lincoln’s
_____________________________ approach,
and instead passed a harsher plan called the
_______________________________, which
Lincoln __________________.
• In his 2nd Inaugural Address on March 4, 1865,
President Lincoln said the end of the war called
for a ____________________________. He
believed his job as president was to “bind up
the nation’s wounds” by having “____________
toward none; and ______________ toward all.
“With malice toward none, with charity for all, with
firmness in the right as God gives us to see the
right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in,
to bind up the nation’s wounds, to care for him
who shall have borne the battle and for his widow
and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and
cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves
and with all nations.”
Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural Address, March 4, 1865
LINCOLN’S 2ND INAUGURAL ADDRESS
Goal 3.4 – Analyze the political, economic, and social
impact of Reconstruction on the nation and identify the
reasons why Reconstruction came to an end. (p. 90)
• PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION –
(1865-1867) Abraham Lincoln & Andrew Johnson
– Peaceful; Lenient; Conciliatory
– 10% Plan – states readmitted if 10% of citizens pledged
allegiance to United States
– Amnesty Act – pardoned former Confederates who were
elected to Congress in 1865. Infuriated Radical Republicans;
Johnson was a southerner taking it easy on the South
– 13th Amendment – abolition of slavery
– Ended with override of Johnson’s vetoes and impeachment of
Andrew Johnson – violated Tenure of Office Act
• CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION – a.k.a. –
“Radical Reconstruction”
(1867-1877)Thaddeus Stevens & Radical Republicans
– Punitive; harsh
–
–
–
–
Wade-Davis Bill / Reconstruction Act of 1867
Military occupation of former Confederate states
14th Amendment – citizenship and equality before the law
15th Amendment – African-American male suffrage
CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION
(1867-1877)
• Lincoln and Johnson failed to address the
needs of former slaves:
– Emergency aid – Freedman’s Bureau provided
food, clothing, shelter, hospitals and schools
– Equal protection under the law – 14th Amendment
– Voting rights (suffrage) – 15th Amendment
– Land – “40 acres and a mule”
RECONSTRUCTING THE SOUTH
End of Reconstruction Overview
1. Southern resentment of Radical Reconstruction
leads to reaction / Redemption
2. White Southern Democrats (Redeemers) regain
control of Southern politics (Solid South)
3. Republican Party loses support in federal
government
4. Election of 1876 – Hayes-Tilden Compromise /
Compromise of 1877 ends Reconstruction
6. Hayes-Tilden Compromise / Compromise of
1877
– Election of 1876 – Rutherford B. Hayes (R) vs.
Samuel Tilden (D)
– 4 States undecided, no majority in Electoral
College; goes to House of Representatives
– House vote deadlocked
– Tilden agrees to give election to Hayes if he will
agree to remove army from South
– Hayes wins, officially ends Reconstruction
Causes of Reconstruction’s
Collapse
1. Discrimination, Intimidation, Terrorism
– White southerners angry about losing war, political
power, property, and economic prosperity
– New black voters, scalawags, and carpetbaggers
elect Republican state legislatures
– Ku Klux Klan used fear and terror to keep
Republicans from voting
– Enforcement Acts by Congress (1870) - military
intervention in Klan activities to protect Rep.
Voters
2. Shift in political power from Republican to
Democrat – “Redemption”
– Amnesty Act (1872) – 160,000 former
Confederates regain right to vote and hold offices
– “Redeemers” use fear to regain control of state
legislatures
– Est. “Home Rule” – southern states ran
themselves with no federal intervention
– passed laws to legally restrict black rights
•
•
“Jim Crow” laws = segregation (14th)
Poll taxes, literacy tests, “Grandfather Clauses” (15th)
– Created the “Solid South” – Democratic Party
controlled southern politics for next 100 years;
The 15th Amendment
and Black suffrage
led to…
…the election of
African American
leaders in national,
state, and local
governments.
Which led to …
…the violent
treatment of blacks,
scalawags, and
carpetbaggers to
scare them from
voting.
2008 Presidential Election
3. Political Scandal erodes support for
Republican Party
– Pres. Grant made poor appointments – “Spoils
System”
– Credit Mobilier Scandal – RR construction
company overcharged govt., shared profits with
VP and Cabinet Secretaries
– Pendleton Civil Service Act – replaced Spoils
System (patronage) with Merit System – est. civil
service tests to prove qualifications of federal
office holders
– Radical Republicans lost support for
Reconstruction policies
4. Economic Crisis of 1873 – “depression”
– Went off “gold standard” during Civil War –
printed “greenbacks” – devalued currency
– Specie Resumption Act recalled “greenbacks” –
caused money shortage in South and West
– Panic of 1873 – banks failed, stock market
crashed, companies went bankrupt, jobs lost
– Party in power always gets blamed for economic
woes – Republicans lost support for policies
5. Supreme Court Decisions weakened Civil War
Amendments
– Slaughterhouse cases(1873) – strictly interpreted
14th Amendment citizenship rights
– U.S. v. Cruikshank (1876) – denied federal
jurisdiction for white violence against blacks
– Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) – upheld Jim Crow
Laws – est. “separate but equal” to legalize
segregation
– Decisions permitted southern states to ignore
intent of 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments
1. Many northerners were angered by the Kansas-Nebraska Act because it
a. included a strict Fugitive Slave Act.
b. allowed for popular sovereignty.
c. was supported by many southerners.
d. overturned an earlier Supreme court decision.
2. Which was not a part of the Anaconda Plan?
a. cut the confederacy in half by gaining control of the Mississippi.
b. attack the Confederate capital at Richmond.
c. intercept British merchant ships to prevent the South from selling cotton.
d. blockade the confederate coast to prevent the South from receiving supplies.
3. This battle gave Lincoln the victory he needed to declare the Emancipation Proclamation.
a. Antietam
b. Shiloh
c. Atlanta
d. Gettysburg
4. The Emancipation Proclamation declared the slaves in the ___________________ to be free.
a. Northern states
b. border states
c. states in rebellion
d. states under Union control
5. This person was an escaped slave who became the most famous abolitionist speaker and
publisher of the North Star:
a. Jefferson Davis
b. Frederick Douglas
c. Martin Luther King Jr.
d. William Lloyd Garrison
6. In which state did Robert E. Lee surrender to Ulysses S. Grant ending the Civil War?