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Transcript
Analyze the impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on Georgia ANALYZE THE IMPACT OF RECONSTRUCTION ON GEORGIA AND OTHER SOUTHERN STATES Reconstruction Reconstruction (p. 300) Freedmen’s Bureau (p. 299-300) Sharecropping (p. 307-308) Tenant Farming (p. 307-308) Reconstruction Plans (p. 300-301, 303-304) 13th Amendment (p. 301) 14th Amendment (p. 303) 15th Amendment (p. 306) Henry McNeal Turner and Black Legislators (p. 305) Ku Klux Klan (KKK) (p. 305-306) Reconstruction 1865-1872 After the Civil War, much of Georgia was destroyed Over 40,000 Georgians had been killed or wounded and many had lost their land Due to the damage inflicted, the United States attempted to reconstruct Georgia and the other southern states For a while, both African-Americans and Republicans gained political power in Georgia African-Americans were freed from slavery and briefly gained more freedoms and educational opportunities, though they did face new challenges in both the cities and rural areas Soon after Reconstruction ended, southern Democrats regained political power and white supremacy and Jim Crow laws became the law of the land for over 90 years Freedmen’s Bureau Officially titled “The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands” Created to help African-Americans adjust to their newly gained freedom Also supported poor whites in the South Provided food, clothing, and shelter to blacks and whites who were most harshly affected by the war Supervised labor contracts and other legal disputes Helped build freedmen’s hospitals and schools, including the first public school program for either blacks or whites in Georgia Some of these schools created continue to this day, including two of Atlanta’s historical black colleges: Clarke Atlanta University and Morehouse College Sharecropping Sharecropping and tenant farming should have been mutually beneficial to both sides where “cash poor” land owners provided land and other resources to the laborer in return for the laborers’ work on the farm However, landowners soon found ways to keep their employees indebted to them in hopes of preventing them from gaining the ability to purchase their own land Consisted of poor and illiterate blacks and whites Agreed to exchange their labor and a portion of their crops to a land owner in return for land to work Had to buy certain necessities from the landowner’s store which caused many to find themselves deeply indebted to the landowner and decreased their chances of getting out of the system Tenant Farming Consisted of poor and illiterate blacks and whites Agreed to exchange their labor and a portion of their crops to a land owner in return for land to work Had to buy certain necessities from the landowner’s store which caused many to find themselves deeply indebted to the landowner and decreased their chances of getting out of the system Owned their own tools, animals, and other equipment, while the sharecropper brought nothing but their labor into the agreement Sharecropping and tenant farming remained part of Georgia’s agricultural system until the mid-20th century Reconstruction Plans Presidential Reconstruction (1865-1866) President Johnson, a native of Tennessee who stayed loyal to the Union, was extremely lenient with the southern states Based on the plan of Abraham Lincoln who had been assassinated in April of 1865 Allowed the South readmission in into the Union if 10% of the population swore an oath of allegiance to the United States Also required the South to ratify the 13th amendment Georgia was readmitted to the Union in December of 1865, even though their new constitution banned interracial marriage Reconstruction Plans Congressional Reconstruction (1866-1867) Radical Republicans favored harsher punishment for the South Georgia and the rest of the southern states were placed under the authority of Congress when they refused to ratify the 14th amendment Southern states were required to pass this amendment in order to be readmitted into the Union With the South continuing to refuse to pass this amendment, along with the rise of the Ku Klux Klan, Congress passed the Reconstruction Act of 1867 This act lumped the South into five military districts with Georgia, Alabama, and Florida making up the third district Reconstruction Plans Military Reconstruction (1867-1870) General John Pope served as the third district’s 1st military governor Georgia created a new constitution that included a provision for black voting, public schools, and moving the capital to Atlanta The military continued to be a presence in the state due to the continued actions of the KKK and Georgia’s refusal to pass the 15th amendment Georgia was finally readmitted into the Union in 1870 when Republican and black legislators voted for the passage of the 15th amendment 13th Amendment 1865 Officially ended slavery in the United States Southern states were required to ratify to be readmitted into the Union under Presidential Reconstruction 14th Amendment 1868 Made African-Americans citizens of the United States Required that they were given the same rights as all United States citizens Southern states were required to ratify to be readmitted into the Union under Congressional Reconstruction Introduced by Congress in response to the Black Codes being passed in the South Under the Black Codes, blacks were not allowed to vote, testify against whites in court, and could not serve as jurors 15th Amendment 1870 Gave African-American men the right to vote Southern states were required to ratify to be readmitted into the Union under Military Reconstruction Henry McNeal Turner & Black Legislators African American freedmen were given more political rights than they had ever had and would not have again for 100 years, including the right to vote 32 black legislators were elected to the Georgia General Assembly in 1867, including Henry McNeal Turner Turner (1834-1915) helped organize the Georgia Republican Party and was elected both to the Georgia Constitutional Convention of 1867 and the Georgia House of Representatives Black legislators suffered many hardships during their time in office Many were expelled by both the Democrats and Republicans of the General Assembly in 1868 Over ¼ of the black legislators were killed, beaten, or jailed during their term (several by the KKK) Ku Klux Klan (KKK) Began in 1867 in Tennessee as a social club for Confederate veterans Loosely governed organization of former Confederate soldiers that became progressively more political and violent Used terroristic actions to intimidate freed blacks and white Republicans from voting and running for office Used tactics of intimidation, physical violence, and murder against black organizations, such as the Freedmen schools and churches, in hopes of establishing social control over African-Americans and their white allies Major force in Georgia and other southern states and the white supremacy and racial segregation they championed became the norm for several decades Disbanded sometime around 1871, when Democrats regained political control of the South and Congress passed the Force Act of 1870 and Civil Rights Act of 1871 (also called the Ku Klux Klan Act)