Download The U.S. Civil War

The U.S. Civil War
Chapter 11
Succession
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Feb.1861
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After Apr.
1861Through 1865
U.S. v. Confederaacy
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Goals of each side
◦ The goal of the South: defend its independence
◦ The goal of the North: restore the union by force
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Ideology
◦ The North saw the Declaration of independence as
the supreme document of the land
◦ The South saw the Constitution as the supreme
document of the land.
◦ Why? – The Constitution backed and protected
slavery. The DOI said “All men are created equal”,
which contradicted slavery.
Fort Sumter
On April 12, 1861 the South Carolina militia
opened fire on Fort Sumter, which was a federal
fort still occupied by U.S. troops.
 The Fort fell in 34 hours
 No casualties
 The South’s firing upon and taking Ft. Sumter
made war between the North and the South
inevitable.
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Ft. Sumter Response
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After Ft. Sumter Both Lincoln and Davis called for
volunteers
Lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers to put down
this rebellion.
Davis calls for 100,000 to defend the South
As a result Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and
North Carolina joined the Confederacy.
Nationalism was stirred up in both the north and
the south.
Strategy
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The North’s three pronged strategy
◦ Blockade Confederate ports to ruin its
economy
◦ Invade the South and split It into thirds
◦ Capture Confederate Capital @Richmond
The South’s strategy
 Hold out against Northern attacks
 Fight a defensive war and defend its right be a
separate country.
North v. South
North’s advantages
 The North had an extreme advantage in resources.
 More population, manufacturing plants, merchant ships, miles
of railroad tracks, banks, minerals grains crops and meat.
 (*See chart on p. 339).
South’ s advantages
 The South’s biggest advantage was its leadership of officers in
the army. Most of these officers attended West Point, were
top officers in the U.S. Army, but resigned to fight for the
Confederacy
Economic Resources
Important Confederate leaders
Jefferson Davis
 R.E. Lee
 Thomas Stonewall Jackson
 A.P. Hill
 James Longstreet
 Jeb Stuart
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Important Union leaders
Abraham Lincoln
 U.S. Grant
 George Meade
 George McClellan
 Joshua Chamberlain
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Early Victories by the Confederacy
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Early Victories (61, 62, and 63) by the Confederate forces at
Bull Run, Seven Day’s battle, Chansellorsville, Fredericksburg
caused Lincoln to change the leadership of union army many
times.
These early victories also gave momentum to the
Confederate cause, which crushed the idea of the North that
this would be a quick and easy war.
Although it had quite a few early victories, the CSA insisted
on fighting a defensive war and would not invade the Union.
Stonewall Jackson said after Bull Run “Give me 10,000 fresh
troops and I will be in Washington tomorrow”.
Had they invade they could have changed the course of the
war.
Significant victories by the Union
Most of the Union Victories came in the
West and when The Confederacy finally
invaded the North.
 Important victories by Union forcesAntietam, Gettysburg (East) – Shiloh,
Vicksburg, Chattanooga, Ft. Henry and Ft.
Donellson
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Slavery Politics
Britain was an important player in the
Civil War
 The South hoped to convince Britain to
support its cause
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◦ Why? The American South was Britain’s
number 1 cotton supplier.
◦ To limit the growing power of the U.S.
◦ The Trent Affair
More slavery politics
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Emancipation Proclamation
On September 22, 1862 Lincoln issued the emancipation
proclamation, which ordered slaves of the Confederacy to be freed.
Effects of the Emancipation Proclamation
Lincoln’s Position: He had not intended to interfere with slavery in
the South. He did not want it to extent into the territories.
Lincoln was under a lot of pressure. As the number of dead
increased Northerners pushed to destroy slavery.
The Proclamation Renews Spirit: After the Emancipation
Proclamation the war became a moral war and revitalized the
North.
◦ African Americans volunteered for the army
◦ did not apply in border states or already states conquered.
Civil War Technology
Gettysburg
The battle was a turning point in the war.
During this battle 23,000 union soldiers
died while 28,000 Confederate soldiers died.
 After 3 days of fighting Union forces
prevailed.
 The loss of life for an under populated South
proved to be more than it could overcome
 Gettysburg Address by President Lincoln.
(see appendix)
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Vicksburg
Grant captures Vicksburg by surrounding
and choking off the city.
 By defeating Confederate forces at
Vicksburg he gave the North a very
strategic victory.
 The North could now control traffic
along the Mississippi River and could split
the south into thirds.
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Images from Vicksburg
Ending the War
March 1864 Lincoln put Grant in
command of all of the Union forces.
 Grant determined to win the war he
would have to engage in “total war” – war
against civilians and resources as well as
armies.
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Grant moves to the East
Grant and Lee fought continuously from
May to June 1864.
 At the Battle of the Wilderness Lee
defeated Grant but Grant continued to
follow and attack Lee.
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In less than a month, Union forces had lost
more men than were in Lee’s entire army.
Grant knew he could replace them.
 Lee retreated to VA and Grant surrounded
Richmond (their capital).
 Lee tried to divert the Union forces by
directing Gen. Early to move on Washington
D.C.
 Grant sent the cavalry who drove them
from the area.
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Sherman’s March
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May 1864 Ger. Sherman and 100,000 troops in
Chattanooga were ordered to engage and destroy
the Confederate army.
Confederates retreated toward Atlanta which
Sherman captured and occupied for 3 months.
When he left he destroyed the city – blamed
Southerners for not ending war
His troops headed south living off the land and
destroying everything else.
December 20, 1864 he entered Savannah. He
continued, heading north into the Carolinas.
The election of 1864
Lincoln wins the election of 1864 “With
Malice toward None”:
 In Lincolns second Inaugural Address he
stated he hoped to have peace without
bitterness.
 He ordered his generals to give the
Southern army’s the most liberal of
surrender terms.
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Appomattox
The Final Days: March 1865 Lee informs
Davis he could no longer hold Richmond.
 The government fled south and Lee’s
army evacuated the city.
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Appomattox
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Lee Surrenders: Grant intercepts Lee’s
troops trying to unite with troops. Grant
pressed Lee to surrender to prevent
further deaths.
They met at Appomattox Court House –
Grant offered generous terms.
Union soldiers treated Confederate
soldiers with respect.
Lee Surrenders to Grant
Lincoln’s Assassination
Lincoln is Assassinated: April 14 1865
Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes
Booth.
 The results were devastating for both
sides, Lincoln was the best man to reunify
the country.
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Day 1
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“I have poured my heart and soul into my
work and lost my mind in the process”
◦ Vincent Van Goh
U.S.A vs. C.S.A map
 Civil War K-W-L
 Section 1 & 2 Vocab
 SSR
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Day 2
“The great thing about thoughts is that
you can always change your mind. With
words you can never take them back”
 In Class Schedule
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◦ Notes
◦ Resources of the North & South