Download The_Civil_War_Review_through_ch._21

Which two former presidents died
on July 4, 1826, the fiftieth
anniversary of the signing of the
Declaration of Independence?
Both Thomas Jefferson
and John Adams died
on July 4, 1826.
What was the cotton gin and who
invented it?
 The cotton gin (short for cotton engine) was a
machine that cleaned the seeds from the cotton
much more quickly than human beings could. It
was invented by Eli Whitney. One of Whitney’s
larger cotton gins could clean up to 50 pounds
(lbs.) of cotton per day. A person could usually
only clean the seeds from 1 pound of cotton per
day. This machine made it much more profitable
to grow cotton than it was before.
Slaves sang spirituals and told each
other folktales about weak animals
overcoming stronger animals.
By doing this, they kept hope alive that
they might one day be free.
Who collected folktales from
slaves and published them?
Joel Chandler Harris collected
folktales from the slaves and
published them. Brer Rabbit is a
famous character from slave
folktales.
Some slaves lost hope that they
might one day be free and rebelled
against their masters. Who was a
slave who led an unsuccessful
rebellion against his slave master?
 Nat Turner led an unsuccessful slave
rebellion against his slave master.
What was necessary for a territory to become a
state during the early part of the 1800s?
 1. Congress made laws for the territory.
 2. When the territory’s population reached
5,000 adult males, the territory’s people could
elect representatives who could make many of
its own laws.
 3. When the territory’s population reached
60,000 people, it could ask Congress to admit it
into the Union with its own state constitution.
What was the Missouri
Compromise of 1820?
 The Missouri Compromise was one of many attempts
by congress to keep peace among free and slave states.
This compromise created a compromise line along
36°30’ north latitude. States south of this line could
have slaves while states north of this line had to be free
states, where slavery would be illegal.
What was an abolitionist?
An abolitionist was someone who
opposed slavery and wanted to end
it right away.
What was the Underground
Railroad and who was a famous
conductor of it?
 The Underground Railroad was a network of
people who helped slaves escape to the
north, where slavery was illegal.
 Harriet Tubman, a runaway slave, was a
famous conductor of the Underground
Railroad.
Who was Frederick Douglass?
 Frederick Douglass was a runaway slave who
gave speeches about the horrors of slavery.
 Douglass also published a newspaper called
“The North Star” and an autobiography
about his life as a slave. Both of these would
be considered abolitionist literature.
Growing Apart: The North’s Economic Advantages
 The North developed a diverse economy, which included
factories, or mills, where new machines could make fabric,
shoes, pots and pans, clocks, guns, and many other goods.
Manufacturing items by machine helped the North expand
and diversify its economy. There were lots of different kinds
of industries now and people could choose among many
different kinds of jobs, or professions. Northern states
were now able to trade with each other and other countries.
As the railroads were built, the goods could be transported
from place to place quickly. This brought great wealth to
the North and northern cities grew quickly. These urban
areas (the cities and towns near them) flourished
economically.
The South’s Economic Disadvantages
 The South, on the other hand, was mostly rural
( made up of farms, countryside, or agricultural
areas) did not have these machines or factories
and relied upon farming for its income. Many
plantations grew cotton. Many smaller farms
grew other agricultural products. There were
not many different types of businesses and the
economy was not diverse; people relied on
agricultural products for their livelihoods.
A House Divided:
 The North and South grow farther apart.
 Disagreements over slavery and states’ rights to secede
increase as additional compromises are enacted by
Congress, creating confusion and uncertainty among the
states.
 Abolitionist literature like Uncle Tom’s Cabin, by Harriet
Beecher Stowe, also increase tension as more people begin
to demand an immediate end to slavery. The economy of
the South is dependent upon slavery because of its
dependence on agriculture (farm products), but the North
has many other kinds of industries.
More Compromises
The U. S. Congress tries to avoid
war and keep the North and South
pacified by coming up with 2 more
compromises:
The Compromise of 1850 and the
Kansas Nebraska Act.
Who were free soilers?
 Free soilers believed that all western
territories should be free soil, where slavery
would be banned.
 As the western territory of California met
the requirements for statehood, people in
slave states grew nervous that they would be
outnumbered.
The Compromise of 1850
 In 1850, there were 15 slave states and 15 free states.
 Slave states were concerned that if the free states
outnumbered the slave states, they would change the U.S.
Constitution and outlaw slavery throughout the country.
 The Compromise of 1850 admitted California into the
Union as a free state, but it also divided the remaining land
that was won from Mexico into territories, allowing the
people of the territories to become slave or free.
 The Compromise of 1850 made it illegal to buy or sell slaves
in Washington, DC, the nation’s capital (which pleased
abolitionists)
 The Compromise of 1850 also enacted the Fugitive Slave
Act (which pleased slave holders)
Map of the Effects of the
Compromise of 1850
Missouri Compromise of
1820
The Compromise of 1850
The Fugitive Slave Act
As part of the Compromise of 1850,
Congress passed the Fugitive Slave
Act ( which pleased the slave
states), which made it easier for
slave owners to pursue and capture
runaway slaves (fugitives) who
escaped to the North.
The Kansas Nebraska Act of 1854
 The Kansas-Nebraska Act was enacted four years after the Missouri
Compromise of 1850. It was designed by Senator Stephen A. Douglas,
who ran against Abraham Lincoln for the 1858 Illinois Senate and who
wanted to encourage people to move to the unsettled part of the
Louisiana Purchase, called the Unorganized Territory.
 In the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the remaining portions of the Louisiana
Purchase would be divided into two territories: Kansas and Nebraska.
The Missouri Compromise would be repealed, and settlers in each
territory would decide if they wanted to be free or slave areas. He
thought this would make both sides content. However, it reopened the
argument over slavery, angered the Northerners because it overturned
the Missouri Compromise which restricted slavery to areas south of the
Missouri Compromise line, and pleased Southerners who had been
worried about being outnumbered by states which banned slavery.
 In other words, it caused more damage to the unity of the country by
redrawing the boundaries of slave and free states. Both Nebraska and
Kansas are north of the 36°30’ line, allowing the possibility of slavery
north of that boundary.
Two Big Compromises
The Compromise of 1850
The Kansas-Nebraska Act of
1854
The Kansas-Nebraska Act overturned the
Missouri Compromise, which banned slavery
north of the compromise line of 36°30’ north
latitude and made it possible for settlers to
introduce legalized slavery there. This increased
animosity between the North and the South.
Lincoln said he was opposed to slavery. In his 1858 campaign
against Stephen A. Douglas, he said the country could not remain
half slave and half free. However, when he ran for president in
1860, he promised he would not interfere with slavery where
it existed. Lincoln did not win any southern states.
Lincoln promised to enact the Fugitive Slave Act, which forced
northern states to send fugitive (runaway) slaves back to their
masters.
Many northern states became angry about that and refused to
cooperate with the Fugitive Slave Act. Massachusetts even passed
an ordinance, declaring its separation from the Union because of
it.
The southern states were also mad at Lincoln for promising to
cooperate with the Fugitive Slave Act.
Lincoln said the Civil War would be carried out to preserve
the Union.
How Did Abolitionists
Contribute to the War?
 John Brown was an abolitionist who
raided an arsenal at Harpers Ferry.
When he was caught and hanged, he
became something of a folk hero and
people sang songs about him as they
tried to convince others to take up arms
against the South.
Who was Dred Scott?
 Dred Scott was a slave who was brought to a free state.
He went to court, arguing that he was now free since
he had been brought to a free state. The U.S. Supreme
Court decided that slaves were property and remained
property if and when their masters brought them to a
free territory or state.
What caused the American Civil War?
(http://americanhistory.about.com/od/civilwarmenu/a/cause_civil_war.htm?rd=1)

There were 5 main causes of the Civil War:

1. Economic and social differences between the North and the South (the invention of the
cotton gin made slavery more profitable for the South and the building of northern factories made
the North wealthy without slave labor).

2. States versus federal rights (Did states have a right to secede, break away, or not?)

3. The fight between Slave and Non-Slave State Proponents (including the Compromise of 1850
and the Kansas-Nebraska Act).

4. Growth of the Abolition Movement (especially after some major events including: the
publishing of Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, the Dred Scott Case, John Brown's Raid,
and the passage of the fugitive slave act that held individuals responsible for harboring fugitive slaves
even if they were located in non-slave states).

5. The election of Abraham Lincoln.(Before Lincoln was even president, seven states had seceded
from the Union: South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas).
 The Dred Scott decision, John Brown’s hanging, and the Election of Abraham
Lincoln were 3 events that deepened the crisis among the states and made war
almost inevitable.
What was the name of the first battle of the Civil War?
 The Union called it the First Battle of
Bull Run because they named battles
after nearby landmarks or physical
features.
 The South called this first battle the
First Battle of Manassas because they
named their battles after the closest
town.
Who was declared free
(emancipated) by The
Emancipation Proclamation?
 The Emancipation Proclamation declared that slaves
in seceding states were free.
What were three advantages of the South
(Confederates) at the beginning of the war?
 The South:
 had more and better trained generals who
were experienced in war,
 was fighting to protect their homelands,
 and knew the territory on which they were
fighting.
The Confederate Generals
 General Robert E. Lee was in charge of the South’s
strategies and was known as a gentleman. He
believed in surprising his enemy and one way he did
this was by dividing his forces and having them
attack from 2 different directions.
 Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson was famous for
moving quickly and attacking and believed in
mystifying, misleading, and surprising the enemy,
and striking him hard, never letting up in the
pursuit.
What were some advantages of the North
(Union) that helped them win the war?
 The North:
 had a greater population (more soldiers),
 more factories where they could make
equipment(guns, ammunition, railroad
tracks, iron, blankets, medical supplies,
clothing, tents, etc.)
 and more ways to transport men and
equipment (with more trains and railroads)
The Union Generals
 George P. McClellan was in charge of the Eastern, or Potomac, Army until
Lincoln fired him. He was a brilliant strategist and organizer, but he was overly
cautious.
 General Winfield Scott developed Scott’s Plan (aka the Anaconda
Strategy) which divided the South and squeezed them into submission.
Admiral Farragut led the blockade of the most important southern port of
New Orleans, LA. as part of the military strategy of Scott’s Plan.
 Ulysses S. Grant was put in charge of the Union army in March of
1864. Grant believed in fighting to wear down the enemy,
knowing the North could replace its soldiers while the South could
not. Grant captured the Confederate stronghold of Vicksburg,
giving the North control of the Mississippi River. He would later
become the country’s 18th president.
 General William Tecumseh Sherman became famous for his policy of “total
war,” where everyone on the opposing side would be forced to suffer regardless
of whether they were young, old, rich, young, male, or female. His “March to
the Sea,” where he burned everything in his 285 mile-long path, was part
of how he carried out his philosophy of “total war.”
 General George Meade defeated Lee’s confederate
troops at Gettysburg, Pa. The Battle of Gettysburg was
the turning point of the war.
Who was Jefferson Davis?
 Jefferson Davis was the president of the Confederate States
of America.
 Davis interfered with his generals’ battle tactics and often
overruled the generals, leading to delays and losses for the
Confederacy.
 Davis was not able to convince the southern states to
cooperate with each other. The governors of the
Confederate states often argued with each other about how
and why they should share resources. These disagreements
would lead to losses for the South. The states often used
“States’ Rights” as the reason they would not cooperate.
Who was Clara Barton?
 Clara Barton was a famous Civil War nurse who
nicknamed “Angel of the Battlefield.”
The Gettysburg Address
Abraham Lincoln gave a two minute long speech
where he asked people to honor the fallen soldiers
by rededicating themselves to the war efforts.
Who killed Abraham Lincoln?
 John Wilkes Booth shot Abraham Lincoln at Ford’s
Theater. As he fled, he said “Sic semper tyrannis”
which means “Thus always to tyrants.”