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Civil War
1861-1865
How did the Civil War
change the dynamics of the
US?
Important Vocab
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Secession
Abolition
Emancipation
Habeas Corpus
The Union
13th Amendment
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Radial republicans
Important Figures
• Abraham Lincoln
• Ulysses Grant
• Sherman
• Jefferson Davis
• Stonewall Jackson
• Robert E. Lee
Brainstorm the Advantages &
Disadvantages of each side
North
South
South
• Advantages
• Great Military generals
• Defensive war
• Motivation
• Long coast which is
difficult for the North
to blockade
• Disadvantages
• Free pop. Of 5.5
million
• Most industry,
banking, & RR in North
• States’ rights #1
• Won’t work together to
fight the North
North
• Advantages
• Pop. Of 22 million
• Immigrants
• Free blacks in later years
• RR- 70%
• Industry- 85%of factories
in the north
• Banking capital of the US
• Strong Navy
• Strong central gov’t
• Disadvantages
• Transportation is longer to
move troops and men
• Need to conquer the South
to win
• Potential of dissatisfaction
with the war & Lincoln
Confederate States of America
• CSA- not a strong central gov’t
• States have more power
• Possible problems- _________________
• President: Jefferson Davis
• VP: Alexander Stephens (GA)
• Border States- ______________________
Early Years
• Everyone thought it would be a short war
• 1st Battle of Bull Run July 1861
• Locals pack picnics to watch the battle In Virginia
• Conf. defeat Union army
• Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson earns nickname for leadership
• Union forces “run” back to DC
• Impact of battle: _______________________________
Strategies of the Union
• In early years, Lincoln wants to reunite the country
• He’s not trying to free the slaves
• The Union develops a plan to win the war:
1.
2.
3.
Blocks southern ports (Anaconda Plan)
Divide the Confederacy in 2 by controlling the MS River
Take Richmond
• **need to accomplish these 3 points to win
2nd Battle of Bull Run 1862
• Change on generals in Union army
• (George B. McClellan-> John Pope)
• CSA General Robert E. Lee sees this as a perfect opportunity to
attack
• Lee traps the Union and the army goes back to DC
• Early Southern victories
Antietam 1862
• Lee goes into Maryland hoping
for a victory on enemy soil ( to
gain British support)
• McClellan (Union) has a copy of
Lee’s plan & wins the battle
• Bloodiest single day in the war
(22,000 causalities)
• Lee retreats and Lincoln claims
it as a victory
• South loses opportunity for foreign
support
• England never enters the war
Other Battles
• Fredericksburg (Dec. 1862)
• Burnside v. Lee
• New weapons
• Realize the war won’t be quick!
• Monitor v. Merrimac
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North needs to shut down the South
2 iron-clad ships (could easily destroy the old wooden ships)
5 hour duel off coast of VA (March 1862)
No winner, BUT shows importance of changing naval technology
The west
• North fighting to gain control of the MS river under the
leadership of Ulysses S. Grant
• Uses policy of Unconditional surrender
• Eventually gains control of TN, which will allow the Union to
take Georgia
Politics of the war
• Trent Affair
• CSA Diplomats on British ship
• Stopped by Union & take CSA diplomats as POWS
• England orders Lincoln to release men *close to war
• King Cotton
• South hoped Europe would become involved due to dependency
on cotton
• England doesn’t join . . . Why? (2)
• Confiscation Acts
• Union officers refusing to return captured slaves
• “contraband” of war
Emancipation Proclamation
• Lincoln’s advisors want him to free the slaves
• he has some concerns and wants the right timing
• Union victory at Antietam (Sept. 1862) gives him motivation ,
so he issues the Emancipation Proclamation
• Statement: all slaves in rebellious states would be free on January
1st, 1863 (if the south doesn’t return)
• Slavery continues in border states
• Does he have the power to abolish slavery in the confederacy? __
Importance of Proclamation
• North now fighting for a social cause- FREEDOM
• Keeps the British out of the war
• Lincoln now seen more as an abolitionist than
ever before
• Keeps border states happy (still have slavery)
Black troops
• Many southern slaves go north to
fight for the Union
• About 200,000 blacks will serve
in the Union army
• Typical jobs? _______________
• 54th MA
• Explain- __________________
Battles
• 1863 off to a great start for the Confederates
• Chancellorsville May 1863
• Confederate general Stonewall Jackson hit by his own men (hurts
morale)
• Battle is a Victory for the south
• Convinces Lee to go North again
• Why? _________________________________
Gettysburg 1863
• Lee goes North to Pennsylvania
• July 1-3rd, 1863
• Meet in small town of Gettysburg, Penn
• Crucial battle, but the Union wins after 3 days of
fighting
• Seen as a turning point in the war
• Later in the fall, Lincoln visits the battle ground and
gives “Gettysburg Address” to remember the victims &
convince the Union to fight on
Devil’s Den
Gettysburg Address Nov. 1863
“Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth
on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and
dedicated to the proposition that all men are created
equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing
whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so
dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great
battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a
portion of that field as a final resting place for those who
here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is
altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot
consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men,
living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far
above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little
note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never
forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be
dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought
here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be
here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that
from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that
cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—
that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have
died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new
birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the
people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”
Union Victories
• Vicksburg- spring 1863
• Union controls New Orleans & most of the MS river
• Union wants full control of MS River
• Why? ____________________________
• Grant attacks the city of Vicksburg
• Siege last 7 weeks & city surrenders on July 4th
• The day after Gettysburg victory
• Importance of Victory- _______________________________
Grant’s tactics
• After Grant’s victory in the west, Lincoln promotes him
to VA to fight Lee
• Head of the Union Army
• Grant’s Goal: outlast Lee
• Could he do this?
• Suffers heavy losses, but does wear down Lee
William Tecumseh Sherman
• Strategy: Total war
• Moves south from Chattanooga into GA
• Series of battles: Kennesaw Mtn, Resaca
• Summer of 1864 in Atlanta
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Tells citizens to leave
City is important . . .why??
By September, Sherman controls the city
Importance- ___________________________________
Sherman MARCHES…
• Sherman leaves Atlanta and heads south to Savannah
• His men wreck Destruction throughout the state (burn homes,
farms & tear up railroad tracks)
• He captures Savannah-> Christmas gift for Lincoln
Election of 1864
• Democrats: George McClellan
• Wants peace
• Rep: Lincoln & Andrew Johnson
(TN)
• Lincoln picks a Southerner in
preparation for life after the war
• Winner- ___________________
Andersonville Prison
• Confederate prison camp
in Georgia (for Union
soldiers)
• Designed for 10,000 but
held up to 30,000
• Leader: Henry Wirz
• Existed for 14 months
• more than 45,000 Union
soldiers lived here
• almost 13,000 died here
• Horrible conditions
End of War
• South in rough shape
• Blockade, Sherman’s march, losing men, loss of faith
• Capital city of Richmond falls April 3, 1865
• Appomattox April 9, 1865
• Grant & Lee meet to discuss terms of surrender
• Grant allows Confederates to surrender peacefully
Lincoln’s fate
• Lincoln’s serving his 2nd term
• Lincoln wants to reunite the union
• “with malice toward none; with charity for all”
• Makes plan before the war is even over
• April 14, 1865 John Wilkes Booth Kills president in Ford’s
Theatre (DC)
• Long term damage to the South
• Why??
Reconstruction
• What is reconstruction? __________________________
• Lincoln’s 10% Plan
• Pardon all confederates who take oath of allegiance to the US
(except for high ranking officials)
• For a state to enter the Union
• 10% of South’s pop. In 1860 needs to take oath, then they could
write a new state gov’t
• 4 Southern states apply
• Lincoln’s plan angers Republicans in the North
• Why?
• Radical Republicans-a faction of Republicans who want to punish the
South for the war
Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan
• Andrew Johnson now president (A Southerner)
• His plan• Remaining southern states would take oath of allegiance & ratify
13th Amendment
• 13th- ________________
• Most Southern states take Johnson’s deal & arrive in Congress
• Plan upsets many Radical Republicans b/c it doesn’t address
the needs of free blacks
• Voting & land
Trouble with Johnson
• Radical Rep. furious with Southerners back in Congress
without major consequences for the war
• RR have a lot of power in Congress and can override Johnson’s
veto
• RR Now in charge of Reconstruction
• RR pass the 14th Amendment- _______________
Radical Reconstruction
Requirements
• Southern states must ratify 14th amendment to gain entry to
the US (TN only state)
• Congress is furious so they pass the Reconstruction Act to
punish the South
• Divides remaining States (10) into military districts ruled by a
Union general
Impeachment of Johnson
• RR thought Johnson wasn’t carrying out his presidential duties
to enforce the requirements (Rec. Act)
• They decide to Impeach him, but need an official reason
• Impeach- ________________________________
• 1867, Johnson fires a member of his cabinet & gives the
Republicans what they need for an impeachment trial
• Trial occurs in 1868 in the Senate
• Outcome- ____________________________
New Amendments
• 13th• 14th
• 15th-
Life in the South
• Northerners want to help the newly freed African Americans
• Create Freedman’s Bureau- _____________________
• Greatest accomplishment- ___________________
• Many Northerners move to the South looking for economic
opportunities• Carpetbaggers- ________________________________
• Scalawags- _________________________________
• Life for African Americans• Start to participate in politics, reunite with families, some move,
create colleges to educate themselves
White Southerner’s Reaction to
changes
• Many Southerners resent the new freedoms of African
Americans and want to return to the old way of life
• To achieve this, states enact Black codes
• Explain- ___________________________
• Other Southerners turn to violence to limit the movements &
freedoms of the ex-slaves
• Ku Klux Klan- _____________________
• Landowners still need a labor force, so they hire poor whites
and blacks
• Sharecropping-_________________________________
• Tenant farming- __________________________________
• Even with these changes, the South’s economy was in
shambles
http://mrmichaud.pbworks.com/w/page/26906655/SHARECROPPING
http://www.dipity.com/11_srichard/personal/
End of Reconstruction
• Over time, Northern support for Reconstruction fades
• Why?
• Election of 1876
• Rutherford B. Hayes (R)
• Samuel Tilden (D)
• No one wins enough EC votes, decision goes to a special
commission who picks ___________________
• Southerners will go along with the decision if they gain
something in return- ______________________
• Deal is known as the Compromise of 1877
• Importance- ______________________