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11.1 The Civil War Begins
Objectives:
A. What were the North’s and the South’s strategies
to win the war?
B. What were some of the reasons that the war was
longer and deadlier than people predicted?
George McClellan
Robert E Lee
Ulysses S. Grant
Stonewall Jackson
David G. Farragut
Three in One
“90 Day War”
Anaconda
Shiloh
First Bull Run
Second Bull Run
Ft. Sumter
Ft. Donelson
Antietam
New Orleans
1. First shots fired in the Civil
War.
2. First battle between armies of
North and South.
3. The over-cautious commander
for the Union during the
attempt to capture Richmond
in 1862.
4. Bloodiest single day of the
Civil War
5. The general who saved the day
at First Bull Run for the South.
George McClellan
Robert E Lee
Ulysses S. Grant
Stonewall Jackson
David G. Farragut
Three in One
“90 Day War”
Anaconda
Shiloh
First Bull Run
Second Bull Run
Ft. Sumter
Ft. Donelson
Antietam
New Orleans
1. General who took over for the
South after the Battle for
Richmond.
2. Union Naval officer in charge
of controlling the Mississippi
and New Orleans.
3. The official Northern strategy
for winning the war.
4. Bloodiest single day of the
Civil War
5. The general who saved the day
at First Bull Run for the South.
George McClellan
Robert E Lee
Ulysses S. Grant
Stonewall Jackson
David G. Farragut
Three in One
“90 Day War”
Anaconda
Shiloh
First Bull Run
Second Bull Run
Ft. Sumter
Ft. Donelson
Antietam
New Orleans
1. First shots fired in the Civil
War.
2. The general who saved the day
at First Bull Run for the South.
3. Battle that made Ulysses Grant
famous.
4. Overcautious Union general
who was in charge at the battle
of Antietam.
5. First official battle between
armies of the North and South
in the Civil War.
Lincoln’s Union (?)
• March 4, 1861 – Lincoln’s
Inauguration, 7 states seceded: TX,
LA, MISS, ALA, GA, FL, SC
• Lincoln’s inaugural address:
“Physically speaking, we cannot
separate.”
• Why?
http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/map_item.pl
Charleston Harbor S.C.. Bombardment of Fort Sumter.
Ft. Sumter: Cause & Effects
CAUSES:
• Geography: Fort was in mouth of harbor of
Charleston, SC
• Time: Fort needed more provisions to hold on
• Compromise?
Lincoln would provision garrison,
but not reinforce it.
Fort Sumter Flag
Note that there are 33 stars.
Why is that important?
Fort Sumter
Fort Sumter
(Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/map_item.pl
Fort Sumter, South Carolina at the time of its capture February 18th,
1865. Showing the effects of the bombardment from Morris Island To
accompany the report of Maj. Genl. Q. A. Gillmore, U.S. Vols., comdg.
Dept. of the South.
Ft. Sumter: Cause & Effects
EFFECTS:
• April 12, 1861: Confederates bombard Ft. Sumter,
• Federal garrison surrenders after 36 hours
• NORTH: unifies and settles in for a long fight,
volunteers enlist, blockade begins
• SOUTH: Becomes aggressor, boosts
overconfidence
• BORDER STATES: First blood drawn by South,
therefore, most stay with the Union
Whose War? War for What?
• After Sumter: Who goes next?
ARK, TENN, NC, AND VA
• Capital of Confederacy moves to Richmond, VA
• BORDER STATES:
MD, DEL, W.VA, KY, MO, Indian Territory
• West Virginia formed by “mountain whites” who
DO NOT want to be part of the Confederacy
• Lincoln suspends habeas corpus in MD – Baltimore
is site of first blood spilt in war.
Lincoln’s Cause:
UNION, NOT ABOLITION.
WHY?
Lincoln cannot loose of Southern Ohio, Indiana, &
Illinois NOR the Border States.
“I think to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to
lose the whole game. Kentucky gone, we cannot
hold Missouri, nor, I think, Maryland. These all
against us. And the job on our hands is too large
for us. We would as well consent to separation at
once, including surrender of this capital.”
Unionists of East Tennessee swearing by the flag
Unionists of East Tennessee swearing
by the flag
Like the citizens in western Virginia,
people in eastern Tennessee remained
faithful to the Union. Men like those
shown here swore allegiance to the
United States flag and tried to split the
state in two--one rebel and the other
loyal--but Confederate troops put a stop
to their efforts. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
http://www.sewanee.edu/faculty/Willis/Civil_War/tables/BorderPop1860.html
http://www.sewanee.edu/faculty/Wil
lis/Civil_War/tables/BorderPop1860.
html
Balance of Power
SOUTH
• Defensive Strategy
• Better officers
•
•
•
•
Military Culture
Limited transportation
Limited manufacturing
Limited population
(slave revolution?)
NORTH
• Offensive Strategy
• Incompetent/Hesitant
Officers
• Urban culture
• Extensive ports&
transportation system
• Extensive Manufacturing
• Immigration/Population
booming
WAR STRATEGIES
THE NORTH’S
“ANACONDA” PLAN
1. Naval blockade of
Southern ports
2. Control the Mississippi
and split Confederacy in
two
3. Capture Richmond, the
Confederate Capital
THE SOUTH’S PLAN
1. Fight a defensive war
2. Secure recognition and
support from Europe
3. Negotiate an armistice
Scott's Great Snake
Scott's Great Snake
General Winfield Scott's scheme to surround the South and await a seizure of power
by southern Unionists drew scorn from critics who called it the Anaconda plan. In
this lithograph, the "great snake" prepares to thrust down the Mississippi, seal off the
Confederacy, and crush it. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Bull Run (1st Manassas)
& 90 Day War
•
•
•
•
Optimism runs high, on both sides:
Lincoln calls up militia for 90 days
Pressure to engage South leads to Bull Run.
Union outnumbers South, but “Stonewall” Jackson
holds and Southern reinforcements win the field.
• Union drive to Richmond ends in a humiliating retreat to
DC
EFFECTS:
1. South overconfident, invades MD and PA
2. Lincoln and North begin to consider emancipation.
3. Lincoln replaces McDowell and appoints
George McClellan commander.
END OF SEMESTER ONE
Map: McClellan's Campaign
McClellan's Campaign
The water route chosen by McClellan to threaten Richmond during the peninsular campaign.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
McClellan’s Peninsula Campaign
• 1861: George B. McClellan given command of Army
of the Potomac
• Good organizer and drillmaster  trained troops well,
popular with them
• Overcautious, slow to commit, and some say arrogant
• Spring 1862: McClellan moves, finally, on Richmond
• Union stalls at Richmond, routed in Lee’s counterattack, the Seven Day’s Battles
HOW WOULD A VICTORY FOR McCLELLAN HAVE
CHANGED THE WAR?
Map: McClellan's Campaign
McClellan's Campaign
The water route chosen by McClellan to threaten Richmond during the peninsular campaign.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Robert E. Lee
Robert E. Lee
Lee takes command of Confederate
forces after Johnson is wounded at
Richmond during the Peninsular
Campaign. Responsible for aggressive
Southern strategy during Seven Days
Battles.
Both General Grant and General Lee
were West Point graduates and had
served in the U.S. Army during the War
with Mexico. Their bloody battles
against each other in 1864 stirred
northern revulsion to the war even as
they brought its end in sight. (National
Archives)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
EFFECTS OF PENINSULAR
CAMPAIGN
•
•
•
•
McClellan removed from command
Hardens North’s resolve
Move toward total war
Embrace Anaconda Plan and Emancipation
as strategies (vs. moral decisions)
• Invade Mississippi and Ohio rivers,
spreading war to the west and deep south
War in the West
• Ulysses S. Grant surprises all, seizing control of
western rivers with gunboats, securing Tennessee
and Kentucky
• Shiloh, hotly contested battle for West, brings Grant
national attention
• Admiral David G. Farragut captures New Orleans
for North, moves up Mississippi.
 Anaconda Plan is beginning to work!
Ulysses S. Grant, 1864 by Mathew Brady
Ulysses S. Grant, 1864 by Mathew Brady
Both General Grant and General Lee were West Point graduates and had served in
the U.S. Army during the War with Mexico. Their bloody battles against each other
in 1864 stirred northern revulsion to the war even as they brought its end in sight.
(National Archives)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Map: The Anaconda Plan and the Battle of Antietam
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Second Bull Run
nd
(2
Manassas)
• After Richmond defeat McClellan replaced by
Gen. Pope as commander of Army of the Potomac
• Lee moves north toward Washington, DC
• Gen. Pope engages Lee at Second Bull Run,
August 29-30, 1862, and is crushed.
• Lee and Army of Northern Virginia move into
MD, hoping to stir rebellion.
• MD stays neutral
• Armies meet at Antietam Creek, Maryland
on Sept. 17, 1862
Map: The War in the East, 1861-1862
The War in the East, 1861-1862
Union advances on Richmond were turned back at Fredericksburg and the Seven Days' Battles, and the Confederacy's
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
invasion of Union territory was stopped at Antietam.
Antietam, September 17, 1862
• McClellan returned to command
• Lee swings north and crosses the Potomac
• Lee’s battle plans are discovered, showing his division of
forces; McClellan does not act on info for 18 hours!
• It is the bloodiest day of the war: 23,000
(2x the number of dead and wounded on D-Day)
• Some consider Antietam the high water mark of the
South’s chances for victory (vs. Gettysburg) because
foreign powers never come as close to endorsing Conf.
cause again - see Killer Angels
• Is it McClellan’s greatest blunder? Could have ended war?
Antietam
Antietam
In the photograph of Antietam, dead rebel gunners lie next to the wreckage of their
battery. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?gmd:21:./temp/~ammem_dw8R::
Antietam national battlefield site, Maryland Drawn by John J. Black, November 1948.
Antietam by James Hope
Antietam by James Hope
A painting of the Antietam battlefield by James Hope, a Union soldier of the Second
Vermont Infantry, shows three brigades of Union troops advancing under
Confederate fire. The building in the painting, a Dunker church, was the scene of
furious fighting. (Antietam National Battlefield, Sharpsburg, Maryland)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Antietam dead, Confederates lined for burial
Antietam dead, Confederates lined for burial
This photograph of corpses awaiting burial was one of ninety-five taken by Mathew
Brady and his assistants of the Antietam battlefield, the bloodiest single day of the
war. It was the first time Americans had seen war depicted so realistically. When
Brady's photographs went on display in New York in 1862, throngs of people waited
in line to see them. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
1.
2.
The first shots of the Civil War were at ___________.
Lee’s attempt to invade Maryland and encourage an uprising against the North
ended with the battle of ____________.
3.
The first battle of the Civil War was at ___________.
4.
Union General Grant led troops at ______, which was a near disaster for the
Union.
5.
Stonewall Jackson was credited with saving the day for the Confederates at
____________.
6.
The first blood spilt in the Civil War was at ________.
7.
The Union admiral who captured New Orleans and seized control of the lower
Mississippi was __________.
The Anaconda Plan had three parts:
8.
9.
10.
1.
2.
The first shots of the Civil War were at ___________.
Lee’s attempt to invade Maryland and encourage an uprising against the North
ended with the battle of ____________.
3.
The first battle of the Civil War was at ___________.
4.
Union General Grant led troops at ______, which was a near disaster for the
Union.
5.
Stonewall Jackson was credited with saving the day for the Confederates at
____________.
6.
The first blood spilt in the Civil War was at ________.
7.
The Union admiral who captured New Orleans and seized control of the lower
Mississippi was __________.
The Anaconda Plan had three parts:
8.
9.
10.
THEME: The North effectively
brought to bear its long term
advantages of industrial might and
human resources to wage a
devastating total war against the
South. The war helped organize and
modernize northern society, while
the South, despite heroic efforts, was
economically and socially crushed.