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Mr. Owen ICCS middle school 7th grade American history Vocabulary ◦ Reconstruction – period from 1865 to 1877when the US tried to rebuild following the Civil War Politics ◦ Amnesty – official pardon or forgiveness for a wrongdoing ◦ Impeachment – CHARGING a government official with wrongdoing while in office People ◦ Andrew Johnson – Democrat who became president after Lincoln was killed ◦ Radical Republican – Congressmen who favored using federal powers during Reconstruction Lincoln (1860-1865) Johnson (1865-1869) From Illinois; called Honest Abe Worked as a lawyer before politics Elected in 1860 because Democrats split their vote; this caused the South to leave the Union President during the Civil War; freed Southern slaves Killed by assassin that sympathized with the South Born in North Carolina but spent much of his life in Tennessee Served in both Houses of Tennessee legislature and was governor Elected to be Lincoln’s VP and took over after his assassination Tried to continue Lincoln’s Reconstruction plans Impeached by Radical Republicans that disagreed with him but found not guilty After his presidency he returned to Tennessee politics Who: led by Abraham Lincoln and then Andrew Johnson versus Radical Republicans What: the period after the Civil War When: 1865-1877 Where: rebuilding the South; reuniting the whole nation Why: following the war, the South was devastated; new black citizens had to find their place How: two different plans for accomplishing this emerged and many new laws were passed Lincoln & Johnson Wanted to be easier on confederates Hoped to make healing process quick (10% plan) Offered amnesty to confederates on condition of swearing loyalty Wasn’t as concerned with helping slaves Only lasted a year Presidential Plan Led by Radical Republicans in Congress (Wade-Davis Bill) Wanted harsher punishment for confederates (no amnesty) (50%) Forced South to allow blacks to vote Lasted rest of Reconstruction Congressional Plan / Radical Reconstruction During Radical Reconstruction, the South was divided up and Johnson appointed state governors to ensure laws were followed and blacks protected. This did not always work very well. It also made many Southerners mad. Who: Pres. Johnson vs. Congress & Edwin Stanton What: Congress accused Johnson of improperly firing Stanton When: 1868 Where: Washington DC How: Stanton was the war Secretary and Johnson fired him over a disagreement about Reconstruction; violated Tenure of Office Act Why: 1st time a pres. had been impeached; found not guilty by a single vote Edwin Stanton Richard Nixon (not impeached) Bill Clinton How did Andrew Johnson treat the South during Reconstruction? What were some pros and cons of both plans for Reconstruction? Do you think Johnson’s impeachment was justified? Why or Why not? Reconstruction amendments ◦ 13th – officially ended slavery ◦ 14th - equal protection for everyone BORN in the US and are citizens (including slaves) ◦ 15th – allowed all MALES to vote, no matter “race, creed or color” Black codes – laws made in the south to limit freedom of former slaves Jim Crow laws – other laws limiting blacks ability to vote in the South Civil Rights acts of 1866 & 1875 – helped protect blacks rights Good Bad Three amendments to the Constitution were passed during Reconstruction ◦ The 13th amendment formally ended slavery in all states in the US ◦ The 14th amendment protected every citizen under the same laws (no difference between black & white) ◦ The 15th amendment stated that all MALES would be able to vote Some laws passed in the South were aimed at limiting African-Americans’ new rights ◦ Black Codes and Jim Crow Laws These laws included things like Literacy test to prove you could read Poll taxes were money you had to pay to vote Both of these rules kept poor, uneducated whites from voting as well as blacks Finally, the grand-father clause allowed these whites to vote but still kept blacks from voting Civil Rights Acts of 1866 was passed before the 14th amendment to help guarantee African-Americans’ rights Civil Rights Acts of 1875 was aimed at ending discrimination in the South Short essay about laws passed during Reconstruction. ◦ Good laws – why were they good? What did they do? ◦ Bad laws – why were they bad? ◦ Were any in between good and bad? ◦ Should have an intro paragraph, 2 body paragraphs and a closing A paragraph has more than 1 sentence Scalawags – Southern who supported Radical Reconstruction Carpetbaggers – Northerners who came to the South to help rebuild Ku Klux Klan – group of whites that used violence and fear to try to keep blacks powerless Lynch – to kill a person by hanging often without a trial Sharecropping – system of farming in which farmers rent land from owners in exchange for part of harvest Freedmen’s Bureau – federal agency set up to help newly freed slaves Freedman’s schools – schools set up to help educate blacks Who: Ku Klux Klan & democrats vs. blacks and republicans What: violent racism aimed at restoring the South’s glory When: late 1860s through 1870s Where: the South Why: whites were angry at losing the war and blacks having equal rights that they disagreed with How: fear & intimidation; lynching blacks & whites, mobs, burning crosses; keeping them from voting •Civil rights are right granted to all citizens •These are what African Americans gained because of the Reconstruction Amendments •African-American leaders did not always agree though on how to go about ensuring these rights Booker T Washington W.E.B. Du Bois Teacher Stressed importance of education and hard work ◦ Thought these 2 things would allow blacks to make a place for themselves ◦ Thought blacks could assimilate or join into white culture Founded Tuskegee Institute ◦ Academic and job training Washington Writer and activist Fought for immediate civil rights guaranteed by the government ◦ Thought blacks needed equal footing before moving forward ◦ Called for blacks to challenge whites Co-founder and head of NAACP Du Bois Founded in Memphis in 1862 as a school for freed blacks and to educate future African-American teachers Ulysses Grant (18681876) Rutherford Hayes (18761880) Attended West Point Military Academy but was only an average student Commander of Union forces in the west during the Civil War ◦ Fought and won the Battles of Shiloh and Vicksburg; Eventually forces Lee to surrender in VA Elected president in 1868 ◦ Presidency marked by corruption in his administration because he appointed dishonest friends to his cabinet Lawyer from Ohio and served in Union army Compromise candidate elected to appease southern Democrats ◦ Won by 1 electoral vote ◦ His election marked the end of Reconstruction Worked to clean up political offices after Grant’s scandal First president to have a phone installed in the White House ◦ Phone number was ‘1’ Who: Presidents Ulysses S Grant (former Union commander) & Rutherford Hayes What: formal end to many Reconstruction programs When: 1877 (after Hayes’ election) Where: The US Why: people lost faith in Grant due to scandal & a bad economy How: the Compromise of 1877 decided the election for Hayes, a republican, in exchange for removing troops and governors from the South, funds for construction in the South and democrats promised to respect blacks rights reunited the Union rebuilt war-torn South 13th Amendment Ends Slavery 14th Amendment Rights of Citizens to have “equal protection” 15th Amendment Right to Vote For a short period of time, African Americans are elected to national and state govenrment Reconstruction Successes Southern states in debt Most black southerners still remain in a cycle of poverty Black Codes/Jim Crow laws limit African Americans civil rights (Plessy v. Ferguson) African American are disenfranchised (denied right to vote) Northern voters had never supported Radical Republicans ideals of total equality Women were left out of civil rights gains Reconstruction Failures Andrew Johnson was from Tennessee Tennessee was the first Southern state to pass the 14th amendment and was the first state readmitted to the Union ◦ Because of this, it did not have a military governor The Ku Klux Klan was founded in Pulaski, TN ◦ Nathan Bedford Forest was an early leader and from Tennessee. How did the KKK benefit the Democratic Party? What did Radical Republicans give up in the Compromise of 1877? What did Democrats give up? How did Booker T Washington’s and WEB Du Bois ideas for civil rights differ? Review day: Monday 8/25 Test day: Tuesday 8/26