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The Civil War Chapter 4 Politics of Slavery Chapter 4 Section 1 Differences between the North and the South Demographics (population and ethnicity) Economy States rights (power shift to the north) Slavery (abolitionist movement) The Underground Railroad Compromise of 1850 Should CA be a free or slave state? What about the rest of the territories? 1. CA admitted as a free state 2. Fugitive Slave Law adopted Dred Scott Case (1857) Part of the fugitive slave law Sued for his freedom Supreme Court denied his case – not a citizen of the United States Returned as a slave to property owner (slave was property) see page 166 Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) Repeal of Missouri Compromise Kansas and Nebraska created from remaining Louisiana Purchase land Territories to determine the status of slavery before admission as a state (popular sovereignty) Bleeding Kansas (1856-58) Pro-slavery and Anti-slavery factions flooded the territory and fight over state constitution John Brown and sons hack pro-slavery advocates to death Unofficial start of the Civil War 2 to 1 vote to become free state Harper’s Ferry John Brown – doing God’s will Lincoln is elected without support from any southern state South Carolina secedes (leaves the Union) on December 20, 1860 The other lower states follow and elect Jefferson Davis Fort Sumter attacked on April 4, 1861 Civil War Chapter 4 Section 2 The confederacy included eleven slave states (West Virginia was created from part of Virginia that opposed slavery) Martial Law in several border states to prevent them from defection Suspension of writ of habeas corpus to deal with dissent – (Copperheads) Over 13,000 put in jail during war without trial First Engagement 1st Battle of Bull Run (near Manassas VA) Union forces mass near D.C. After long delay move south Watched by South and throngs of site- seers 2,500 Union-2,000 Confederate casualties Union Army runs back north Changing the nature of naval warfare CSS Merrimack (aka Virginia) 1861 USS Monitor Gunboats The Hunley 1863 – the first submarine used in battle Confederates in Charleston SC Sinks a Union ship blockading harbor On both sides a soldier was three times more likely to die in camp than on the battlefield - infection and diseases “My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not to either save or to destroy slavery,…” A. Lincoln Eventually turned to Ulysses S. Grant as General of the Army Lincoln saw possible solution as black colonization but dropped this by 1864 Little support for “compensated emancipation” bills he authored Emancipation Proclamation January 1, 1863 – only slaves in the areas of rebellion would be free Most generals believed whites would not fight along side of blacks Paid $10 while whites were paid $13 a month Congress said it would degrade whites to pay blacks the same rate Over 180,000 African Americans serve the Union Go to Sherman PowerPoint Tide of War Turns Chapter 4 Section 3 After more than two years of Union defeats--- Gettysburg Lee marches north to find supplies in Penn. July 1-3, 1863 near Gettysburg – North on Cemetery Ridge and South on Seminary Ridge with large field in between. Three day standoff on bloody field “Picketts Charge” – 15,000 Confederate troops attack strong point of North 30 minutes later only ½ returned to Southern lines South retreats back into Virginia New Spencer Repeating Rifle helps the North win at Gettysburg 7 round magazine fired in 10 seconds rather than 3 rounds a minute with musket loaders Rebs thought that there were more Yankees due to amount of fire Gatling Gun saw only limited use toward the end of the war Gen. Joseph Hooker Gen. Ambrose Burnside Col. George Custer Gettysburg Address November 19, 1863 “A New Birth of Freedom” Women in War Often women would follow their husbands to the camps Some women went to work while husband was away Clara Barton “angel of the battlefield” First army nurses Later founded American Red Cross End of War Lee agrees to surrender terms in Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865 Gen. Johnston and the rest of the Rebels surrender several weeks later Lincoln’s Assassination Southern conspirators led by John Wilkes Booth plotted to kidnap Lincoln and exchange him for prisoners of war. April 14, 1865 Booth shot Lincoln while he was attending a play at Ford’s Theatre Reconstruction Chapter 4 Section 4 To repair the damage and to restore the south to the Union of States Hardships African Americans – new lives but what to do with that new life? Lincoln wants to “bind the nation’s wounds” Lincoln’s “Ten Percent plan” Pardons, S. States to hold Constitutional elections when 10% swear allegiance Johnson’s Plan Pardon 10% swear allegiance before new State Constitutional Convention. So. States must void secession, abolish slavery and ratify 13th Amendment (slavery) Black Codes New southern governments were still controlled by whites Enactments to restrict freedmen’s rights Curfews Vagrancy Labor contracts Land restrictions Lynching Congressional Reconstruction (Radical Reconstruction) Lincoln’s and Johnson’s plans seen as threat to Congressional authority Radical Republicans wanted to punish the south 14th Amendment (Equal Protection1866) to deal with “black codes” Laws had to apply equally to all Power Struggle Johnson did not support the military rule in the South and tried to fire the Secretary of War Edwin Stanton Angered, Congressional leaders voted to “impeach” him By one vote Johnson escapes being removed Ulysses S. Grant wins the 1868 Presidential election Congress passes 15th Amendment to insure the right to vote regardless of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” 1870 Carpetbaggers Northerners moving south for profit or power Scalawags White southern Republicans (opposed to secession) End of Reconstruction Corruption within Grant’s Administration and tired of 10 years of reconstructing As federal troops left, more freedmen were denied rights By 1872 the last ex-Confederates were pardoned The KKK - 1865, when six ex-Confederate soldiers, met in Tenn. to form a secret society. Deriving its name from the Greek word "kuklos“ (circle) Originally social in nature. Evolved into a terrorist organization targeting African Americans, Carpetbaggers and scalawags W.E.B. du Bois (African American civil rights leader) “The slave went free; stood a brief moment in the sun; then moved back into slavery again” Conditions did not get much better until the 1950s and 60s