Download Civil War, 1861-1865 - Loudoun County Public Schools

Crucible of Freedom: Civil War, 1861-1865
Chapter 15
Causes of the Civil War
The American Civil War
(1861-1865)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Introduction
Lincoln’s Dilemma
Opposing Sides and Strategies
Early War (1861-2)
1.
2.
5.
Civil War Soldiers
1.
2.
6.
Draft and Riots
Life for Soldiers
The War Continues (1863-1865)
1.
2.
7.
East and West
Emancipation
The East and West
The End
Conclusion
Themes
1. Compare and
contrast the North
and South
2. Highlight some of
the important
battles of the Civil
War and life for
soldiers
Secession
• From Nov – March 1860-61,
7 states left the Union
– SC led the way, Mississippi,
Alabama, Florida, Louisiana,
Georgia and Texas
– Argued the Constitution was a
contract and the North broke
it by not enforcing the Fugitive
Slave Laws***
• Cry for “States’ Rights” –
complete independence of
Southern states from federal
government control
Lincoln’s Dilemma
The Civil War, 1861-65
Confederate States of America
• These 7 states drafted their own Constitution and
called themselves the Confederate States of
America (Confederacy)
– Constitution resembled the US Constitution but it
“protected and recognized” slavery in new territories
– Stressed that each state would be “sovereign and
independent”
• Chose Jefferson Davis to be their President
• Lincoln said he wouldn’t take active measures to
force the states back in the Union
President Lincoln
• 7 states had seceded; many
thought he wasn’t up for the job
• Lincoln: morally opposed to
slavery and did not support its
spread but would not interfere
where it was legal
• Affirmed authority over all US
territory in states that had
seceded from the Union
Fort Sumter
(Background)
• Fort Sumter, in SC,
was low on supplies
• Lincoln informed
South Carolina’s
Governor he was
sending food and
supplies in an
unarmed ship
For Sumter
(April 12, 1861)
• Confederates attacked
• Lincoln requested 75,000 volunteers to
suppress the rebellion
• 4 more states seceded:
– VA, NC, TN, and AK
Ft. Sumpter
Responses to Secession
• Some in VA opposed secession
• People from western counties in VA chose
a new governor and applied for statehood
in the Union
• Debate was also strong in TN

Sides are chosen…
Lee

Sides
with Virginia, does not agree with slavery but
cannot fight against his home state!
Confederate States of America
(1861-1865)
States
SC
MS
FL
AL
GA
LA
TX
VA
NC
TN
AK
Constitution
President
States’ rights and Jefferson Davis
the protection of
slavery
Capital
Richmond, VA
Border States
• Border states =
slave states that
remained loyal to
the Union
• Included: DE, MD,
KT, MI, and WV
Secession
• Border
states =
blue
Lincoln and Border States
• Following confrontation
in Baltimore, the area
was occupied
• Lincoln suspended writ
of habeas corpus
– Confederates could be
jailed without charges
indefinitely
Opposing Sides and
Strategies
The Civil War, 1861-1865
Mobilizing For War
Both sides unprepared…
North (UNION)
South (CONFEDERACY)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Army: 16,000 men, mainly in West
1/3 join Confederacy
No strong president since Polk
Lincoln viewed as weak
No direct tax structure
No draft
Many industries
Connected by railroads
No tax structure
No navy
Two gunpowder factories
Poorly equipped
Unconnected railroads
Northern Advantages
Population
Farm Acreage
•23 states
•22 million people
•90% of industrial
capacity
•71”% of railroad
mileage
•75% of nation’s
farms
•11 states
•9 million people
(5.5 million
whites)
•10% of industrial
capacity
•29% of RR
mileage
•25% of nation’s
farms
North
South
Industrial
Production &
Transportation
Figure 15.2: Comparative Population and Economic
Resources of the Union and the Confederacy, 1861
20
Anaconda Plan:
Union strategy for victory in
the Civil War
1. Union navy would blockade
southern ports to prevent
trade
2. Union would take control of
the Mississippi River, cutting
the CSA into 2 parts
3. Union armies would capture
Confederate capital of
Richmond, Virginia
•
SIG – most difficult objective due to
the leadership of Robert E. Lee
•
Confederate commander of the Army
of Northern Virginia who opposed
secession but felt loyalty to his home
state of Virginia
Union Strategies
• Initial Strategy:
– Blockade of southern
ports
– Capture Mississippi
River
Scott’s Great Snake
Southern Advantages
• “Home Court Advantage”
– Most fighting took place in the south
• Concrete War Aims
– South fought to preserve their way of
life
– North fought to preserve the Union
• Officers
– Many of the best officers fought with
the confederacy
• “King Cotton”
Southern Society
(1860)
King Cotton
• Southern cotton was traded to European nations
– 75% of all raw cotton in GB’s factories came from the
South
• Southerners gambled the British would intervene
• Why did “King Cotton” fail?
– British factories had surpluses of raw cotton
– Cotton was imported from Egypt and India
– Emancipation Proclamation = war to free slaves
Financing the War
1)
Federal government
a.
2)
raised funds by land sales and tariffs, but need other
sources
North and South raise taxes
a.
b.
3)
Issued war bonds
a.
b.
4)
5% raised in the South
21% raised in the North
loans from citizens, repaid by future generations
paid back in gold or silver
Print paper money
a.
b.
Not backed by gold or silver
$150 million in greenbacks
i.
public had to have confidence in the money
i.
ii.
5)
Union –legal to pay most public & private debt
Confederates –never make legal; print too much and caused
inflation
National Bank
a.
b.
banks can get bank charter to issue national bank notes
private banks can issue war bonds
Early War, 1861- 62
The Civil War, 1861-1865
Bull Run /Manassas
(June 1861)
• Union forces (led by
McDowell) against
Confederates (led by
Beauregard)
• Union forces were initially
successful
• Confederate
reinforcements arrived
and routed Union troops
• Bull Run/Manassas (Gods and
Generals)
Bull Run/Manassas
(Impact)
• Union troops
were determined
never again to be
humiliated
• Boosted
confidence of
Confederate
forces
Early War
(1861-62)
• Lincoln replaced
McDowell with McClellan
who created Army of the
Potomac
• Transformed unorganized
troops into disciplined
army
• Remained cautious during
fighting in the East
George McClellan
Shiloh
(April 1862)
• Union forces were led
by Grant
• Confederates staged a
surprise attack
Shiloh
(April 1862)
• Confederate forces were
successful until Union
reinforcements arrived
• Fighting was very bloody:
about 23,000 total casualties
The Drummer Boy of Shiloh
John Clem ran away from his Newark, Ohio home in 1860. He was 9 years old. When war broke
the following year he attempted to join the Union Army but was rejected. Undeterred, the
determined 10-year-old tagged along with the 22nd Michigan Volunteer Infantry until he was
finally adopted as its mascot and drummer. He was supplied with a scaled-down uniform and a
shortened rifle.
Clem distinguished himself at the Battle of Shiloh where an artillery shell destroyed his drum.
Newspapers got hold of his story and he soon became known as the "Drummer Boy of Shiloh."
Clem gained further renown at the Battle of Chickamauga in September of 1863. In the thickest
of the fighting, three bullets passed through his cap without doing him any harm. Separated
from his unit, he escaped capture when he shot and killed a Confederate soldier who ordered
him to halt. Newspapers now labeled him "The Drummer Boy of Chickamauga."
Little Clem's luck ran out a month later when he was captured by Confederate cavalry while he
was serving as a train guard. He was freed in a prisoner exchange a short time later, but not
before the Confederates held him up as evidence that the North was so desperate that it
would enlist children in its fight. Clem was rewarded with advancement to the rank of Sergeant
and assigned to the headquarters of the Army of the Cumberland.
Clem left the Army in 1864 and rejoined it in 1871 as a 2nd Lieutenant. He rose in rank to
brigadier general becoming Assistant Quartermaster General of the United States Army in
1903. He retired from the Army in 1915 and died at age 85 in 1937. He is buried in Arlington
National Cemetery.
Battle of Antietam/Sharpsburg
(September 1862)
• Lee’s troops invaded MD
– Supplies were needed
– Hoped for European
recognition of the
Confederacy
• George B. McClellan
(U.S.) vs. Robert E. Lee
(C.S.) in Maryland
Antietam/Sharpsburg
(September 1862)
• Tactically a draw;
strategically a
Union victory as
the invasion was
halted
• Bloodiest singleday of fighting in
the war (24,000
casualties)
Antietam/Sharpsburg
• Antietam =
diplomatic victory
• Lincoln
reconsidered his
views of the war
and slavery
• Drafted a
proclamation to
free slaves, but
waited for a Union
victory
(Impact)
The Emancipation Proclamation
(Effective January 1, 1863)
• Freed slaves residing
in states in rebellion
against the Union
• Did not free slaves in
states loyal to the
Union
Emancipation Proclamation
(Effective January 1, 1863)
• Lincoln maintained
support of border states,
yet it pushed them closer
to emancipation
• Transformed war aims:
– Union soldiers now fought
to free slaves
Review Questions:
• Where were the first shots of the civil war fired?
– Fort Sumter
• What was the Union’s war strategy called?
– “Anaconda Plan”
• Where was the first major bloodshed of the war?
– Bull Run/First Manassas
• What was the bloodiest single –day battle in
American history?
– Antietam
• What did the Emancipation Proclamation do?
– Freed slaves in rebelling states
Civil War Soldiers
The Civil War, 1861-1865
Enrollment Act
(1863)
• Men 20-45 were eligible for draft
• Draftee could hire a Substitute to serve in his
place
• Draftee could also pay $300 to avoid service
– “Rich man’s war, poor man’s fight”
Draft Riots: NYC
(July 1863)
• Working class white
men rioted and
targeted:
– Well-dressed white
men, African
Americans, and
supporters of war
• Several were injured;
at least 6 blacks were
lynched
Confederate Draft
(1862)
• Similar to North’s “Enrollment Act”
• Twenty Negro Law:
– Provided exemption for owners of 20 or more
slaves
– Created resentment amount Southerners
Figure 15.1:
Opposing
Armies
of the Civil
War
46
Civil War Soldiers
• African American soldiers
enlisted in army after 1862
– Over 180,000 served
– Faced discrimination while
serving
– Represented 10% of entire
Union army by end of war
– Discrimination was common
• paid less than white troops
• segregated units with white
officers
• 54th Regiment …GLORY!
2:14)
(show up until
African American Slaves
• seized opportunity
presented by the
approach of Union
armies to escape
from slavery and
achieve freedom
Women During the Civil War
• Typically managed homes
and families with scarce
resources
• Often faced poverty and
hunger (especially in the
South)
• Assumed new roles in
agriculture, nursing and
war industries
– Clara Barton = served as a
nurse, later founded the
American Red Cross
• Women in the War
The War Continues, 186365
The Civil War, 1861-1865
Soldiers Suffer on Both Sides
• Mainly due to high casualties in
battle, poor living conditions, and
disease
• Camp life – lonely, boring, repetitive
– Lack of sanitation, poor quality food, lack of
proper medical care
• Warfare – brutal battles fought with
outdated tactics and advanced
weapons led to high casualties
– Many soldiers were killed, even more returned
home wounded or crippled
• Many soldiers often kept wartime
diaries and sent letters home to
record the harsh realities of civil war
soldier life
Civil War Soldiers
Camp life was boring, but diseases could be deadly:
• Food for union troops:
– beans, salted pork, pickled beef, hard-tack
• Food for Confederate troops:
– Bacon and cornmeal
• Both:
– Food and clothing often in short supply
– Brutality of combat transformed Union and Confederate soldiers
Civil War Soldiers
• Medical care often
involved amputations
• Possibly 30% of
amputees died
following surgery
• Sanitation Commission
established
Civil War Soldiers
• POW camps had poor
conditions
• Andersonville, GA held
over 30,00
– Designed for 10,000
– About 14,000 Union POW’s
died
• Elmira, NY held 12,100
– Only open 15 months
– 25% of the Confed’s there
died of disease
– Point Lookout in MD was
worse than this one
POW Camps Con’t
• Civil War Prisons in
Confederate Capital of
Richmond, VA
– Libby, Castle Thunder,
Belle Isle (only had
tents)…and many more!
Castle Thunder
Courtesy of The Library of Congress
April 7, 1865. "Looking up Cary Street“
Located today in what is known as Tobacco Row
War Continues
(1863-65)
• Confederates defeated
Union troops at
Chancellorsville (start
at 1:30) in May 1863
– But, “Stonewall”
Jackson was killed
• Union forces were
unable to capture
Vicksburg
Gettysburg
(July 1863)
• Lee invaded the North
in summer of 1863
• Confederate forces
engaged with Union
troops (lead by
Meade) at Gettysburg,
PA
Gettysburg
• A.P. Hill led his troops and met up with
Lee’s troops
• Both Lee and Hill continued towards the
town of Gettysburg and ran into the Union
Cavalry led by John Buford
– Buford had established defensive positions on
the hills and ridges
Gettysburg- Day 1
• Hill’s troops approached from the west and
fighting began with Buford’s troops on July 1,
1863
• Reinforcements arrived with 90,000 Yankee
troops and 75,000 Confederates on July 2
• Union Armies under Gen. George Meade began
to fall back because of the furious Rebel assaultConfeds took control of town
• However, Lee knew he wouldn’t be successful
unless the Confederate Army forced the Yankees
to yield their position on Cemetery Ridge, the
high ground south of Gettysburg
Gettysburg Day 2 (July 2)
• Lee ordered Gen. James Longstreet to attack
Cemetery Ridge
– Longstreet advanced from Seminary Ridge through a
peach orchard and wheat field that stood between
them and Union troops
– A Brigade from Alabama attacked the hill at Little
Round Top but were defeated by Union troops led by
Colonel Joshua L. Chamberlain
• Union forces lost 1/3 of their brigade and were running out
of ammo when Chamberlain ordered them to charge the
Confeds
– Confederates surrendered
• Little Round Top
– History Channel
Gettysburg- Day 3 (July 3)
• Lee ordered an attack on the middle of the Union lines
– For 2 hours fire rang out and could be heard as far as Pittsburgh
• Longstreet thinks he has weakened the Union forces and
orders men under Gen. Pickett to march across the
battlefield and attack the center of the Union line (known as
Pickett’s Charge)
– Union reloaded and decimated the Confeds who fled fearing counter-attack
• Lee sent Cavalry led by Gem. James E.B. (Jeb) Stuart to
try and surprise Meade and meet up with Longstreet
– Stuart stalled however because of battle with Robert Gregg
• Lee gave up hopes of invading the north and returned to
VA
– Depressed, he resigned but Davis would accept it
Gettysburg
(overview)
• 3 day battle left 23,000 Union men and 28,000
Confeds. killed or wounded
– Bodies everywhere!
• Lee continued to lead his men for the next 2 years
of the war, but the Confederacy was never able to
recover from the losses at Gettysburg
*****BECAME THE TURNING POINT OF THE
WAR!!!*****
Gettysburg
(July 1863)
• Gettysburg = bloodiest
engagement of the
war
– Over 50,000 Union and
Confederate deaths
The
Gettysburg
Address
• Lincoln attended the dedication
of the Gettysburg National
Cemetery
• Gettysburg Address – Lincoln’s 2
minute speech
– Said that the United States was one
nation, not a federation of
independent states
• After Gettysburg Address = “United
States is…”
– Lincoln identified the reasons for
fighting the Civil War
• To preserve a nation that was
dedicated to the proposition that “all
men are created equal”
• To preserve a nation that was
dedicated ruled by a government “of
the people, by the people, and for the
people.”
• Gettysburg Address
Vicksburg
(May-July 1863)
• Vicksburg fell to Union
troops following a siege
• Soon after Union forces
controlled the Miss. River
• The “tide turned” in favor
of the Union
Map 15.6:
The War in
the West,
1863:
Vicksburg
War Continues
(1863-65)
Robert E. Lee
• Mexican war
veteran
• Commanded
Army of NOVA
• His military
achievements
were respected by
many
War Continues
(1863-65)
Ulysses S. Grant
• Also a veteran of
Mexican War
• Known as a heavy
drinker and smoked
cigars
• Named Commander
of all Union armies in
1864
War Continues
(1863-65)
• The final
Virginia
Campaign,
1864-65
Atlanta
(September 1864)
• ATL fell to Union troops led by
Sherman
• Helped Lincoln win reelection
• Prior to election Lincoln was
criticized by democratic
candidate McClellan and radicals
in his own party
Sherman
Sherman’s March
(1864-65)
• Sherman’s troops
cut a path of
destruction 60
miles wide
Map 15.7:
Sherman’s
March Through
the South,
1864–1865
Appomattox
(April 1865)
• Lee retreated from
Petersburg; low on men
and supplies
• Lee surrendered at
Appomattox
Courthouse on April 9,
1865
Appomattox
(April 1865)
• Terms of surrender
were generous;
confederates could
return home (w/
their horses)
• Within weeks
confederate forces
had surrendered
Death of a President
(April, 1865)
• April 14, 1865, while
attending a play, Lincoln
was shot by John Wilkes
Booth
• Lincoln died the next day
Results of the Civil War
(1861-65)
• Slavery ended—but how would the
government address the status of newly freed
slaves?
• ~ 620,000 Americans died
• Much of the South was destroyed—how
would it be rebuilt?
Figure 15.3: Civil War Deaths Compared to U.S.
Deaths in Other Wars
77
Review
• Advantages of N and S on eve of war
• Outlined key battles of the war
•
Review Questions #2:
What was the turning point of the civil war?
Gettysburg
•
Who did Lincoln appoint as General of all the Union
armies?
Ulysses S. Grant
•
Which Union general led a march of destruction
through GA and SC?
Sherman
•
In which speech did Lincoln try to reunite the country
“with malice towards none, with charity for all…to
bind up the nation’s wounds”
Gettysburg Address
•
Where did Lee surrender to Grant?
Appomattox Courthouse