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Chapter Introduction Section 1: The Two Sides Section 2: Early Stages of the War Section 3: Life During the War Section 4: The Strain of War Section 5: The War’s Final Stages Visual Summary The Two Sides Essential Question What were the strengths and weaknesses of the North and the South? Early Stages of the War Essential Question Why did neither the Union nor the Confederacy gain a strong advantage during the early years of the war? Life During the War Essential Question What social, political, and economic changes resulted from the war? The Strain of War Essential Question How did the events at Gettysburg and Vicksburg change the course of the war? The War’s Final Stages Essential Question What events led to the end of the war? What were the strengths and weaknesses of the North and the South? Reading Guide Content Vocabulary • border state • export • blockade Academic Vocabulary • contrast • challenge Reading Guide (cont.) Key People and Events • Abraham Lincoln • Anaconda Plan What do you think might have been the greatest advantage for the Confederates during the Civil War? A. They were fighting on their own land. B. They had excellent military leaders. time to capture. 0% D C B A A. A B. 0%B 0% 0% C. They had a stronger fighting spirit. C. C D. The South had a large coastline that would take D. D Goals and Strategies The North and the South had many different strengths, strategies, and purposes in the Civil War. Goals and Strategies (cont.) • The border states were vital to the war effort because of their strategic location. • President Abraham Lincoln worked tirelessly to keep Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri in the Union and was ultimately successful. • The Confederacy needed only to fight hard enough and long enough to convince the Northerners that the war was not worth the cost. The Fighting Forces Goals and Strategies (cont.) • In contrast, the North had to invade the South and force the breakaway states to give up their quest for sovereignty. • The North planned to blockade Southern ports in order to: – Prevent supplies from reaching the Confederacy. – Keep the South from exporting its cotton crop. Resources in the North and South Goals and Strategies (cont.) • The other parts of Union General Winfield Scott’s Anaconda Plan were to gain control of the Mississippi River and to capture Richmond, Virginia. Why did the South develop a defensive strategy for the Civil War? A. They counted on support from Britain and France. B. They had much less land than the North. 0% D C B A A. A 0% C. They believed the North B. 0%B 0% would tire of the war. C. C D. They wanted to hold off violence as long as D. D possible. Americans Against Americans Soldiers in the Civil war came from every region, and each side expected an early victory. Americans Against Americans (cont.) • The Civil War pitted brother against brother and neighbor against neighbor. • African Americans were not allowed to fight until later in the war. • Most soldiers came from farms and many were under the age of 18. Economics & History Americans Against Americans (cont.) • Soldiers suffered hardships and faced many challenges: boredom, discomfort, sickness, fear, and horror. • About one of every 11 Union soldiers and one of every 8 Confederates deserted. Why were African Americans not allowed to fight in the Union Army in the war’s early years? A. Because of laws forbidding African Americans to be armed 0% D 0% C D. Because of a belief that they were not effective warriors B C. Because of fear of a rebellion A. A B. B C. 0%C 0% D. D A B. Because of fear that they would not be accepted by white troops. Why did neither the Union nor the Confederacy gain a strong advantage during the early years of the war? Reading Guide Content Vocabulary • tributary • casualty • ironclad Academic Vocabulary • abandon • impact Reading Guide (cont.) Key People and Events • Stonewall Jackson • Ulysses S. Grant • Battle of Shiloh • Robert E. Lee • Battle of Antietam • Frederick Douglass • Emancipation Proclamation What do you think is the most important element for the North or South to gain advantage in the early years of the war? A. a large army 0% D 0% C D. adequate funding and financial support B C. quick, decisive victories A. A B. B C. C 0% 0% D. D A B. strong leaders War on Land and Sea The Confederates decisively won the First Battle of Bull Run. War on Land and Sea (cont.) • The Confederates converted an abandoned Union ship into an armored vessel which they hoped would break through the blockades on Southern ports. – In the Battle of Bull Run, Confederate General Thomas Jackson earned the nickname “Stonewall” Jackson. Naval Warfare War on Land and Sea (cont.) • The Confederates shocked the Northerners by breaking the inexperienced Union lines and forcing them to retreat. • Abraham Lincoln appointed George B. McClellan to lead the Union army of the East. • General Ulysses S. Grant was sent to the West to control the Mississippi River and its tributaries. War in the West, 1862–1863 War on Land and Sea (cont.) • On the seas, the North and South used ironclad warships against each other. • In Mississippi, Union forces won a narrow victory at the Battle of Shiloh, but the bloody battle lasted two days and resulted in an enormous number of casualties. • On April 25, 1862, Northern naval commander David Farragut captured New Orleans. What was Lincoln’s goal in appointing George B. McClellan? A. To have a brilliant mastermind plan battles. B. To sail the ironclad ships against the Confederate navy. Union troops. 0% D C B A A. A B.0%B 0% C. To secure the Mississippi 0% and its tributaries. C. C D. To better train the young and inexperienced D. D War in the East The South won several important victories in the East during 1862, but the Union responded with a vital triumph of its own. War in the East (cont.) • Confederate armies prevented the fall of Richmond until the end of the Civil War. • General Robert E. Lee was able to prevent Union forces from taking Confederate land, but he was unsuccessful in trying to invade the North. – Lee’s army defeated a Union army twice its size at Chancellorsville, Virginia, in May, 1863. War in the East, 1862–1863 War in the East (cont.) – At the Battle of Antietam in Sharpsburg, Maryland, the Union was able to prevent Lee from moving the war into the North. War in the East, 1862–1863 Which battle resulted in the most casualties? A. The Battle of Antietam B. The Battle of Chancellorsville 0% D 0% C B D. The Battle of Gettysburg A C. The Battle New Orleans A. A B. B C. C 0% 0% D. D The Emancipation Proclamation Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation had an enormous effect in America and abroad. The Emancipation Proclamation (cont.) • At the urging of abolitionists Frederick Douglass and Horace Greeley, Lincoln decided that the focus of the Civil War should shift from the preservation of the Union to the end of slavery. • On January 1, 1863, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which freed all enslaved people in rebel territory. The Emancipation Proclamation (cont.) • While it did not actually free anyone, the proclamation had the important impact of officially stating the government’s position on slavery. Why would Britain or France side with the Confederacy if Lincoln did not make slavery an issue in the Civil War? A. Britain hoped to reclaim the United States, and saw a divided country as easier to attack. A. A B. B Many British and French immigrants lived in the South. C. C Both countries depended on cotton from the D. South, D B. France disliked Lincoln because of his foreign policies. D. even though they were strongly antislavery. 0% D 0% C 0% B 0% A C. What social, political, and economic changes resulted from the war? Reading Guide Content Vocabulary • habeas corpus • greenback • draft • inflation • bounty Academic Vocabulary • distribute • substitute Reading Guide (cont.) Key People and Events • Mary Edwards Walker • Dorothea Dix • Clara Barton • Sally Tompkins • bread riots What change in daily life do you think would be most significantly during wartime? A. Women would enter the workforce in ways they had not done before. 0% D 0% C A D. Travel would be limited and dangerous. A B 0% C D B A. B. 0% C. People would have to give up some luxuries and even necessities. C. D. B. Education and school would be suspended for many children. A Different Way of Life The Civil War affected civilians as well as soldiers. A Different Way of Life (cont.) • Since much of the War was fought in the South, the war had a greater impact on the everyday life of Southerners. • Schools sometimes closed, and churches and schools were used as hospitals. • Southerners who lived in the paths of marching armies lost crops and homes. A Different Way of Life (cont.) • Shortages of food, supplies, and household items became commonplace in the South. Which of these is not a way in which the South was affected by War? A. The destruction of farms and crops B. Shortages of food and supplies 0% D 0% C B A A. A B. B 0% 0% C. A great number of refugees C. C D. D D. An increase in the number of schools New Roles for Women Many Northern and Southern women took on new responsibilities during the war. New Roles for Women (cont.) • Because so many men were away fighting the war, women took on new tasks such as keeping farms, factories, and offices running. • Many women entered the medical profession to help heal the wounded. – Mary Edwards Walker became the first woman army surgeon. New Roles for Women (cont.) – Clara Barton, Dorothea Dix, and Sally Tompkins all helped establish women in the medical field during the Civil War. • Some women worked as spies or disguised themselves as men and became soldiers. Which of these women was both a spy and disguised herself as a soldier to fight alongside the men? A. Mary Edwards Walker B. Sally Tompkins C. Loretta Janeta Velázquez D. Clara Barton 0% A A. A B. B C. C 0% 0% D. D B C 0% D Prison Camps and Field Hospitals When Americans went to war, most were not prepared for the horrors of battle. Prison Camps and Field Hospitals (cont.) • Prison camps were set up on both sides of the war to prevent captured soldiers from returning to battle. • Conditions at these camps were harsh, and volunteers distributed the little available bread and soup. Prison Camps and Field Hospitals (cont.) • In the field of battle, surgeons worked amidst gunfire to save the wounded. • Conditions everywhere were unsanitary, and some regiments lost half of their men to illness before a battle even began. Why did the North and South stop exchanging prisoners? A. Soldiers returned and gave away the secrets of the other side. 0% 0% D D. Prisoners were used as slaves. A B 0% C D C A C. There were few prisoners since most were killed in battle. A. B. 0% C. D. B B. The men simply returned to the army to fight again. Political and Economic Change The Civil War led to political change and strained the economies of the North and the South. Political and Economic Change (cont.) • Shortages of food resulted in bread riots throughout the South. • Copperheads in the North called for reuniting the states through negotiation instead of war. • As a way of dealing with war opponents, both Lincoln and Jefferson Davis suspended habeas corpus. Political and Economic Change (cont.) • A Confederate draft law required ablebodied men between the ages of 18 and 35 to serve in the army for 3 years; however, one could hire a substitute to fight for him. • The North offered a bounty to encourage volunteers and eventually passed a draft law. • Rioting broke out by those who felt the draft favored the rich. Political and Economic Change (cont.) • Though both sides were hit hard economically, the North was better able to deal with the enormous costs of the war because of its greater resources. – The North printed money called greenbacks because of its color. – Northern industry produced guns, ammunition, shoes, and uniforms. – Inflation occurred because goods were in high demand. Political and Economic Change (cont.) – The blockade and the destruction of farmland strained the economy of the South. Who were the Copperheads? A. Democrats who supported the war B. Democrats who were opposed to the war 0% D 0% C B A A. A C. Enslaved persons who B. 0%B 0% fought for the North C. C D. A special division of the Confederate D. D army How did the events at Gettysburg and Vicksburg change the course of the war? Reading Guide Content Vocabulary • entrench • siege Academic Vocabulary • nevertheless • encounter Reading Guide (cont.) Key People and Events • 54th Massachusetts • Pickett’s Charge • Gettysburg Address Which do you feel is the most important quality in a good leader? A. Enthusiasm B. Confidence C. Courage D. Decisiveness 0% A A. B. C. 0% D. B A B C 0% D C 0% D Southern Victories In the winter of 1862 and the spring of 1863, the South seemed to be winning the Civil War. Southern Victories (cont.) • Robert E. Lee was responsible for many of the most important Confederate victories. • At the Battle of Fredericksburg, Lee’s entrenched forces drove back Union commander General Ambrose Burnside’s troops. Southern Victories (cont.) • Lee and Stonewall Jackson led the Confederates to another victory in Chancellorsville; however, Jackson was wounded in the arm and died a week later. • President Lincoln continued to appoint new generals in the hope that one of them could stand up to Confederate forces. What prompted Lincoln to say “If McClellan doesn’t want to use the army, I’d like to borrow it for a while”? A. McClellan’s laziness B. McClellan’s poor battle strategies 0% C 0% B A 0% 0% D A. A C. McClellan’s inexperience B. B in leading an army C. enemy C D. McClellan’s reluctance to engage the in battle D. D African Americans in the War African Americans showed courage and skill as soldiers in the Union army. African Americans in the War (cont.) • In the South, African Americans were banned from fighting for fear that they would attack fellow troops or revolt. • The North eventually allowed African Americans to enlist in all-black regiments. African American Soldiers African Americans in the War (cont.) • The best-known African American regiment was the 54th Massachusetts, which took part in an assault on Fort Wagner in South Carolina. • The regiment took severe casualties in the battle; nevertheless, the soldiers bravely fought on. What was Lincoln’s biggest concern in allowing African Americans to enlist? A. They would stage a revolt. 0% 0% 0% D D. They would not be as effective as white soldiers. A 0% A B C D C C. He would lose the support of the border states. A. B. C. D. B B. They would desert and join the Confederate army. The Tide of War Turns The Battle of Gettysburg marked a turn in the war as the Union forces defeated the Confederates. The Tide of War Turns (cont.) • In spring of 1863, the South appeared to have the upper hand in the war and hoped that France and Britain would support their cause. • The four-day Battle of Gettysburg took place because the two sides encountered each other while stocking up on supplies in a small town that was not a strategic location. The Battle of Gettysburg, Day 3 The Tide of War Turns (cont.) • Pickett’s Charge aimed to create a panic amongst Union troops and break through their lines, but three-quarters of the Confederates who started the attack were killed or wounded. • Gettysburg put an end to the Confederate hope of gaining foreign aid from Britain and France. The Battle of Gettysburg, Day 3 The Tide of War Turns (cont.) • On July 4, 1863, Ulysses S. Grant conquered the river city of Vicksburg—one of the last Confederate holdouts along the Mississippi River—after a 47-day siege. • President Lincoln gave his famous Gettysburg Address on November 19, 1863, at the dedication of Soldier’s National Cemetery in Gettysburg. By gaining control of the Mississippi and Tennessee Rivers, what was the Union able to do? A. Capture Fort Sumter B. Force the Confederacy to surrender C. Split the Confederacy D. Defeat the Confederate forces at Gettysburg 0% A A. A B. B C. 0% C0% D. D B C 0% D What events led to the end of the war? Reading Guide Content Vocabulary • total war • resistance Academic Vocabulary • series • interpret Reading Guide (cont.) Key People and Events • David Farragut • March to the Sea • Appomattox Court House Rate your agreement with the following statement: When fighting a war, an army should destroy only military, not civilian, targets. 0% D D. Strongly disagree 0% C C. Somewhat disagree B B. Somewhat agree A. A B. B C. C 0% 0% D. D A A. Strongly agree Total War Strikes the South After a long, bloody summer, Union forces captured major Southern strongholds, and as a result, Lincoln won reelection. Total War Strikes the South (cont.) • General William T. Sherman’s deliberate destruction of large parts of the South—known as total war—was a deliberate strategy to bring the horrors of war to the Southern people. • In 1864, Lincoln put General Ulysses S. Grant in charge of all the Union armies. Costs of the War Total War Strikes the South (cont.) • In May and June of 1864, Grant’s army battled Lee’s troops in a series of three bloody battles resulting in large casualties for both sides. • Grant laid siege to Petersburg, Virginia, for nine months, cutting off Confederate troops and supplies. Costs of the War Total War Strikes the South (cont.) • Union general William Tecumseh Sherman attacked Atlanta, Georgia, and faced major resistance from Confederate general John Hood. – In September, Hood abandoned the city. • David Farragut—the highest-ranking officer in the Union navy—blocked off Mobile Bay in Alabama, the last Southern port east of the Mississippi. Total War Strikes the South (cont.) • With these important Union victories, support for Abraham Lincoln won him reelection in 1864. • Lincoln interpreted his reelection as a clear sign from the voters to end slavery permanently. Which Amendment banned slavery in the United States? A. The Thirteenth Amendment B. The Fourteenth Amendment 0% D 0% C B D. The Sixteenth Amendment A C. The Fifteenth Amendment A. A B. B C. C 0% 0% D. D The War’s End After four years of fighting against unfavorable odds, the South finally surrendered. The War’s End (cont.) • General Sherman’s troops burned Atlanta and began their trail of destruction known as Sherman’s March to the Sea. • Once Grant defeated Lee at Petersburg, he marched on to Richmond and conquered the Confederate capital. The Final Battles, 1864–1865 The War’s End (cont.) • The formal end to the war came on April 9, 1865, in the town of Appomattox Court House, Virginia. • Over 600,000 soldiers died in the Civil War, and the economic toll on the South was devastating. • The North’s victory saved the Union and freed millions of African Americans. What was the capital of the Confederacy? A. Raleigh, North Carolina B. Montgomery, Alabama C. Atlanta, Georgia D. Richmond, Virginia 0% A A. B. C. 0% D. 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Section Transparencies Menu Daily Test Practice Transparency 16–5 Select a transparency to view. border state state between the North and the South that was divided over whether to stay in the Union or join the Confederacy blockade cut off an area by means of troops or warships to stop supplies or people from coming in or going out; to close off a country’s ports export to sell goods abroad contrast large degree of difference challenge demanding situation tributary a smaller river that flows into a larger river ironclad armored naval vessel casualty a military person killed, wounded, or captured abandon give up impact effect or influence habeas corpus a legal order for an inquiry to determine whether a person has been lawfully imprisoned draft the selection of persons for military service bounty money given as a reward, such as to encourage enlistment in the army greenback a piece of U.S. paper money first issued by the North during the Civil War inflation a continuous rise in the price of goods and services distribute give out substitute replacement entrenched occupying a strong defensive position siege military blockade nevertheless however encounter to come upon; meet total war war on all aspects of the enemy’s life resistance an opposing force series a number of events coming in order interpret to explain the meaning of To use this Presentation Plus! product: Click the Forward button to go to the next slide. 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