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The Road to Civil War
CHAPTERS 9-11
Westward Expansion
 Manifest Destiny: popular belief US divine interest was
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to extend power to the WEST
1840’s
Driven by population increase, tech advance,
nationalism, rapid econ develop, reform ideals
Not everyone agreed
Interested in Texas (Mexico), Maine & Oregon (British)
Ostend Manifesto (Polk offer to purchase Cuba)
Walker Expedition (William Walker attempts to take
Baja California but fails) 1853
1855-1870: other issues overshadow the drive to
acquire new lands
Texas & Oregon
Texas
Oregon
 Mexico Independent
 4 Countries claimed
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from Spain 1823
By 1830: More
Americans than
Mexicans
Friction Developed b/w
groups
Annexation denied
(Jackson, Van Buren)
Slavery Allowed
lands
 Adams-Onis Treaty 1819:
US got claims to Oregon
from Spain
 Discovered Columbia
River Captain Robert
Gray 1792
 Expedition (Lewis &
Clark)
1844 Election
 Dark Horse: James K Polk (Democrat, Tennessee,
protégé of Jackson)
 Committed to expansionism
 Slogan “Fifty-four Forty or Fight” (after the line of latitude
serving as the northern boundary of Oregon at 54°40').
 Tyler (outgoing Prez) annexed Texas
 War Broke with Mexico
 Polk – dealt with only part of Oregon (49th Parallel)
War with Mexico
 US annexed Texas w/o Mexican consent
 Also wanted California
 Polk sent John Slidell to make negotiations but failed
 Army was moved (Gen. Zachary Taylor) near Rio
Grande
 Mexican army crossed Rio 1846 killed 11 Americans
caused the WAR
 Not everyone agreed (N. Whigs, Lincoln)
War with Mexico
 Fought in Mexican Territory
 June 1846, John C. Fremont overthrew Mexicans in
California
 Taylor drove Mexicans back into Mexico
 Gen. Winfield Scott invaded Mexico City Sept 1847
 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: Mexican Cession 1848
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Rio Grande (Texas Southern Border)
California and N. Mexico part of the US
US Pays $ 15 mil, assume claims
Opposition to War
 Whigs opposed: immoral effort to expand slavery
 Wilmot Proviso: forbid slavery from any lands
acquired from Mexico
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Did Not pass
Union in Peril: 1848-1861
 Conflict over status of territories
 Free Soil (1848): party, movement
Did not demand an end of slavery
 To keep the WEST land for whites
 Prevented an extension of slavery
 Free homestead (public land grants to small farmers)
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South: viewed attempts to restrict expansion of slavery as
Unconstitutional
Popular Sovereignty: Lewis Cass (Dem Sen. Michigan) issue of
must be determined by a vote of the people in that territory
Presidential Election 1848
 Democrats: Sen. Cass
 Whigs: Zachary Taylor (no political history, no stand
on extension of slavery)
 Free-Soil: Van Buren
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Consisted Democrats and Whigs (opposed slavery)
 TAYLOR IS PRESIDENT
1848 Presidential Election
Compromise of 1850
 Gold Rush 1849 promotes more people to travel WEST
 California wants to become a state
 Prez. Taylor (Southern slave owner) but supported the
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idea of Cali & N. Mexico as free states
South talks secession
Henry Clay created yet another Compromise
Cali admitted as a free state
Mexican Cession: vote on slavery issue
Ban Slave trade in DC
Adopt Fugitive Slave Law & rigorously enforce
Compromise of 1850
 Controversial Clay, Webster vs Calhoun
 Compromise saves UNION
 South: Equal rights in acquired territory
 Northern Opposition: Sen. William Seward
 1850: Taylor Died, opposes Clay’s Compromise
 Vice Prez: Millard Fillmore: supporter of
compromise
 Stephen Douglas, Sen. Illinois: idea to pass the
compromise by pieces
 Finally passed, bought some “peace” time.
The Senate’s deliberations over the Compromise of 1850 featured the three most distinguished orators of the
mid-19th century-Henry Clay of Kentucky, Daniel Webster of Massachusetts, and John C. Calhoun of South
Carolina in what would be their last great debate. Webster called for a compromise to preserve the Union
while Calhoun argued that the Union could only be preserved if Northerners respected the Southern
institutions including slavery. In this painting Clay has the floor, Calhoun stands third from the right, and
Daniel Webster, head in hand sits on the left.
Slavery Issues 1850-1854
 Fugitive Slave Law
 Helped Southerners accept California loss
 Northern Abolitionist fought against law
 Purpose to track down runaway slaves (fugitive)
 Issue warrants for their arrest
 Citizens aiding fugitives subject to heavy penalties
 Underground Railroad
 Harriet Tubman (19 trips helped 300 Slaves)
 Helped slaves escape into N or Canada
 Literature
 Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe
 Southern Reaction: a positive good for slave and owner
Effect of Laws & Literature
 Made slavery a MORAL issue
 Weakened the two political parties (Dem & Whigs)
 Disastrous application of popular sovereignty in
Kansas
 Election of 1852
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Whig: Gen. Winfield Scott- ignored slave issue (won 4 states,
sign weakening of party)
Democrat: Franklin Pierce (NH)- supported Fugitive Slave
Law (helped gain Southern Dem support)
1852 Presidential Election
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
 Dems controlled White House & Congress
 Transcontinental railroad system
 Stephen Douglas plan to promote railroad for western
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settlement (disastrous)
Needed southern approval for bill
Proposed Nebraska Territory be divided in two
(Nebraska and Kansas) promote popular sovereignty
Two months of heated debate it passed
Repealed Compromise of 1820
Renewed sectional controversy, promoted spread of
Slavery
New Political party emerged: Republicans (Antislavery)
Forcing Slavery Down the Throat of a Freesoiler An 1856 cartoon depicts a giant free soiler being held down by James
Buchanan and Lewis Cass standing on the Democratic platform marked "Kansas", "Cuba" and "Central America". Franklin
Pierce also holds down the giant's beard as Douglas shoves a black man down his throat.
New Parties
 Know-Nothings (American Party)
 Ethnic Tension build up b/w Germans & Protestant
 Responded with “I know nothing” to political questions
 Drew support away from WHIGS
 Opposed to Catholics
 Republican (Wisconsin 1854)
 Free-Soilers, Antislavery Whigs, Democrats
 Platform 1854 Election: repeal Kansas-Nebraska Act &
Fugitive
 Opposed slavery expansion, abolitionists later joined
 1854-1860: grew rapidly (second largest)
Election of 1856
 Republicans- John Fremont
 No slavery expansion
 Won 11 out of the 16 free slave states
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Evident Rep can win office w/o a single vote from SOUTH
 Know-Nothings- Former Pres Millard Fillmore
 Democrats- James Buchanan (WINNER)
1856 Presidential Election
Extremism & Violence
 Bleeding Kansas
 Fighting breaks out between antislavery and proslavery ppl
 Nickname for Territory
 Border ruffians “Missouri residents” coming in to Kansa and creating a
proslavery legislature
 1856: proslavery attack free-soil town (anti-slavery)
 John Brown, white-abolitionist, retaliates on proslavery farm (Pottawatomie
Creek) (5 dead)
 Caning Senator Sumner 1856 (AKA Sumner Brooks Debate)
 Violence in Congress
 Sen. Charles Sumner attacks DEM admins and Southern Sen.
Andrew Butler
 Butler’s nephew Congressman Preston Brooks walks in Senate beats
Sumner with a CANE. “cane fit for a dog”
 North outraged, South applauded Brook’s sent him cane gifts
Constitutional Issues
 Lecompton Constitution
 Buchanan to accept or not accept Kansas proslavery
Constitution?
 Did not have the support the majority of ppl from Kansas
 Pres asked Congress to accept, Congress Denied, many ppl
went to the Republican Party
 1858 Defeated in Congress
Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)
 Proslavery decision (two days after Buchanan’s
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Oath)
Chief Justice Southern Democrat (PROSLAVERY)
Slave in Missouri taken to free territory
Decision: A-Americans not granted citizenship thus
cannot sue
Made Compromise of 1820 unconstitutional
South delighted with decision
Western Territories open to slavery
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
 1858 Illinois Senate Race
 Stephen Douglas “hope to save the union” v. Abraham Lincoln
“the unknown”
 Lincoln not abolitionist (against expansion)
“If slavery is not wrong, nothing is wrong”
 “house divided” speech, Southerners viewed him as RADICAL
 Said Douglas was indifferent to slavery as a moral issue
 Freeport Doctrine: Douglas slavery cant exist if the people did not
pass a law
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Lincoln-Douglas Debates
Road to Secession
 John Brown’s Raid at Harpers Ferry
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Abolitionist (Martyr)
Slave uprising in Virginia at Federal Arsenal
Robert E. Lee captured Brown
Tried for treason, convicted, hanged
South: thought North wanted to destroy them
 Election of 1860 (final event that triggered secession)
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Dem: Two Candidates (N &S) Douglas Breckenridge) -divided
Rep: Abraham Lincoln (platform focused on North & West)
Excluded slavery from west
 South warned if Lincoln wins (president) then we leave UNION
 Free States can win election w/o South electoral votes
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New Party: Constitutional Party John Bell (they were sacred if Lincoln
did not win) Whigs, Know-Nothings , Mod. Dems)
1860 Presidential Election
Secession of the Deep South
 1860: South Carolina
 Six weeks later: Florida, Miss, Ala, GA, LA, TX
 1861: created Confederate States of America
 After April 1861: VA, NC, TN join
 Same constitution w/ some differences
Limited gov’t power (no taxes) IRONIC
 Can’t restrict slavery
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Pres: Jefferson Davis (Miss)
VP: Alexander Stephens (GA)
Crittenden Compromise
 Outgoing Prez (Buchanan)- did nothing to prevent
secession
 Sen. John Crittenden (Kentucky)
 Plan proposed slavery in territories south of 36◦30’
 Did not pass
Secession Map
The Civil War: (1861-1865)
 Civil War Video
 Costly war (Human life) 620,000
 4 mil slaved freed
 Transformed American society
 Accelerated industrialization and modernization
 destroyed plantations
 Economical, Social, Political changes occur during
war
 Lincoln “no state has the right to break Union”
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Sent messages of consolidation and warning
War Strategy
North:
•blockade Southern
ports (Anaconda
Plan)
•Divide confederacy
•Raise/train army of
500,000
South
•Defend lands
•Get foreign aid
War Advantages & Disadvantages
North
South
 Needed to keep the border
 Defend land (easier)
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 Experienced leaders (war)
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states
Conquer South (difficult)
More people (22 mil)
Industrial, more money,
banks
US navy, immigrants,
African Americans
Strong Gov’t
Changing of Generals
Expected war to be short
 Less people (5.5 mil)
 Less money, hope for
foreign aid
 Need STRONG gov’t to
win (they were weak)
People to Know
North
South
 General Scott Winfield
 Gen. Thomas Stonewall
 Gen. George McClellan
Jackson
 Gen. Robert E. Lee
 Albert Johnston
 Gen. Ambrose Burnside
 Gen. Ulysses S. Grant
 Gen. William Tecumseh
Sherman
1861
 2 federal forts in danger in South
 Fort Sumner (SC): 1st Battle
 SC cut off vital supplies and reinforcements
 Lincoln: did not give up or defended fort
 Just sent food for the federal garrison
 Leaving the decision to SC (SC SHOT)
 April 12, 1861
 Use of executive power (Lincoln)
 w/o authorizing with Congress
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Calling for troops, authorize spending, suspend writs of habeas
corpus
1861-1862
 Battle of Bull Run (July 1861) 1st major battle
 Bull Run Creek in Virginia
 Confederates sent Union forced back to DC
 Peninsula Campaign (March 1862)
 Union (McClellan) invaded Virginia
 Lee stopped Union trooped (retreated)
 Changed generals (Pope)
 2nd Bull Run
 A moment of weakness (changing Generals)
 Lee attacked Union forced Pope to retreat to DC
 Changed Union commander to McClellan
1861-1862
 Antietam (Sept 1862)
 Lee crossed in Union Territory (Maryland) for a victory (for
foreign trade)
 McClellan knew Lee’s Battle Plans (accidentally dropped)
 Bloodiest single day (22,000) (up-to-date)
 Lee retreated to VA
 Commander Change (failure to pursue LEE’s weakened army)
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Burnside
 Battle of Fredericksburg (Dec 1862)
 Union attacked Lee (large Union loss 12,000 to 5,000 Conf)
 No Prospect for Military victory for either side
1862-1963
 Monitor (Union) vs. Merrimac (Confederate)
(March 1862)
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Five hour duel b/w ships near Virginia
Ended in a draw
Revolutionized naval warfare: ironclad ships
 Grant in the West (Mississippi River)
 Captured branches of the river (opened Miss to Union attack)
 Albert Johnston surprised Grant in Shiloh, Ten
 Union held ground, forced Confeds to retreat
Foreign Affairs
 Trent Affair (1861)
 South sends representatives to try to get foreign aid (British
liner, Trent)
 Failed to get recognition
 Confederate Raiders
 South bought warships from British shipyards
 Did serious harm to Union merchant ships
 Britain give $15.5 mil to US for damages
 King Cotton fails to get Aid
 Lee’s setback at Antietam (no decisive victory)
 Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation
Slavery Ends
 Confiscation Acts 1861 & 1862
 Gen Benjamin Butler refused to return captures slaved to
South. (“property”)
 Freed slaves of South Owners for rebelling against US
 Emancipation Proclamation (Jan 1863)
 Freed slaves in the US
 Problem
South wasn’t apart of the Union
 Help recruit African-Americans (200,000)
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 13th Amendment (Dec 1865)
 Abolished slavery
1863-1865
 Vicksburg (1863)
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Grant wanted to take Miss city
Bombarded for 7wks before South surrenders
Cuts off TX, LA, Arkansas from Confederates
 Gettysburg (1863)
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Lee plans a surprise attack in North
Bloodiest battle (50,000)
Lee’s forces retreated to VA
 Grant is commander of all UNION
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War of attrition to win war
Fought for months, more casualties than Lee
Reduced Southern army
 Never gave up (Grant)
 Changed fighting styles
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End of War
 Sherman’s March (1864)
 Gen. Sherman marches through southern states and destroys
 Goes all the way to SC
 Election of 1864 (Lincoln Re-elected)
 Surrender at Appomattox ( April 9, 1865)
 Lee surrenders
 Lincoln is assassinated April 14 at Ford’s Theatre DC
 John Wilkes Booth
Effects of the Civil War
Political
1.
1.
Republican Dominance in gov’t, Civil Liberties (taken away: writs
of habeas corpus), War draft: laws, paying $300 exemption,
supremacy of federal gov’t
Economic
2.
1.
Borrow money, making money, increasing taxes, 1st income tax,
increase inflation, modernizing & mass production for war
supplies, passed laws that helped the economy
Social
3.
1.
2.
Women worked, introduced to nursing, movement for voting
rights,
End of slavery, 13th Amendment, economic & political oppression
Effects of the Civil War
Political
1.
1.
Ex Parte Milligan (1866): Supreme Court ruled that the
application of military tribunals to citizens when civilian
courts are still operating is unconstitutional.
2. Economic
1.
Morrill Tariff Act (1861): raised tariff rates to increase
revenue and protect industrialists
2.
Homestead Act (1862): promote settlement in Great Plains
by giving 160 acres of land for ppl who lived there 5 yrs
3.
Morrill Land Grant (1862): encourage states to use federal
land grants to maintain technical/agricultural colleges
Legacy of the Civil War
 “freedom of slaves”
 $15 million + property loss
 Women introduced to work force and nursing
 Transforms America in a modern and complex
industrial society