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Reconstruction 1865-1877 Reconstruction: Major Questions Reconstruction: the era in which the federal government struggled in dealing with the issues of the Civil War: 1. How will Southern states rejoin the union? Treat them like they never left or continue military occupation? Are they equals? 2. How will the Southern Economy be rebuilt? 3. What rights will African Americans have? Whose job is it to protect those rights-federal or state government? 4. Who has authority to decide these answers-President or Congress? *Come up with some ideas to fix these problems!* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nowsS7pMApI Part 1 POLITICAL PLANS FOR R E C O N S T R U C TI O N Southern States Rejoin: YOU DECIDE Should leaders be tried for treason? How do Southerners claim seats in Congress? What about the Constitution? Should Congress or the President lead? Stipulations to joiningloyalty oaths? Rights for African Americans 13th Amendment: abolition of slavery; passed Dec. 6, 1865 Citizenship? Full rights? Republican Party supports; Southerners reject (power stance) Southern Economy Rebuilt Left to the states; little help given to them 1860-1870: Wealth declined from 30% to 12% ¼ of soldiers died in war, land destroyed, no farm equipment, no workforce Land=most valuable asset; who gets it? Lincoln’s Stance: 10% Plan Felt some sympathy for the South; offered 10% Plan: Full Presidential pardon to southerners who took An oath of allegiance to the U.S. Constitution/Union Accepted emancipation of slaves As soon as 10% of voters took a loyalty oath to the Union, the state could set up a new government Opposition to 10% Plan: Thaddeus Stevens/Charles Sumner “Radical Republicans” Advocated full citizenship for AA and punishment for South Wade-Davis Bill Raised in opposition to the 10% Plan; feared disloyalty Demanded a majority of voters to take loyalty oath to the Union AND guarantee AA equality Lincoln kills with a pocket-veto Freedmen’s Bureau 1865 “Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands” created by Congress Goal: provide food, clothing, healthcare, and education for black and white refugees in the South Reunited families separated at wartime EDUCATION; Oliver O. Howard (3,000 schools) Negotiated labor contracts Represented black citizens in court; LEGAL RIGHTS Fed funding stops 1870, disbands in 1872 Lincoln to Johnson Lincoln’s assassination puts Johnson in charge Background: TN senator Picked as running mate to show “friendship” during wartime Problem: white supremacist Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan Picks up where Lincoln left off; agreed with Lincoln- desired fast acting restoration of Union Required states to accept 13th Amendment and abolish slavery in their state constitutions Did NOT agree that AA should vote- “White Man’s Government” Supported state’s rights: laws and customs of state can outweigh federal regulations Black Codes Laws that sought to limit the rights of African Americans and keep them as landless workers 1. Could not borrow money 2. Could not testify against a white man in court 3. Limited occupations and property rights Vagrancy laws: any black person who did not have a job could be sent to work as a prison laborer “Who won the war?” -Republicans Congressional Reconstruction Round 1: restoration of Union; completed by Presidents Disagreed with black codes and return of C. officers Round 2: Congress imposes own version of Reconstruction on South (focus on tmw) Harsher on whites, protective of freed blacks Radical Republicans take lead in 1866; Sumner/Stevens Angry at South; want them to pay Civil Rights Act of 1866: federal guarantee of civil rights and superseded state laws Johnson vetoes law Congressional Reconstruction With 2/3 majority, Congress overrides President Johnson to pass Civil Rights Act of 1866 Moderate + Radical Republicans work together 14th Amendment: equality under FEDERAL law for naturalized citizens If states refused, they lost seats in the House South under military control Congress Tries to Impeach Johnson Crisis of 1867: Congress and Pres. don’t agree Tenure of Office Act: Pres needs senate approval for removal of certain offices (is this constitutional?) 1968: Impeachment debate in House after Johnson dismisses of Sect. of War failed by ONE vote Grant and the 15th Amendment 1868: Ulysses S. Grant is elected president Wins electoral vote, significant lead in popular vote thanks to African American population 1869 15th Amendment: no state can deny suffrage on the grounds of race, color, or previous conditions of servitude Both 14th/15th amendments ratified by 1870 Loopholes: literacy/property/gender qualifications Civil Rights Act of 1875: last of civil rights reforms Guaranteed equal accommodations in public places Cannot exclude African Americans from juries Part 2 R E C O N S T R U C TI O N I N T H E SOUTH REVIEW: POLITICAL RECONSTRUCTION 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. In your opinion, what was the biggest problem faced at the end of the Civil War? What was Lincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction? How did Johnson’s Plan compare? What group in Congress led the fight against Johnson? What did they disagree on? What event led to Johnson’s impeachment? What 3 Amendments were passed between 18651870? What did they state? How did the South get around the 3 Amendments? VOCABULARY REVIEW Wade-Davis Bill 13, 14, 15th Amd. Freedmen’s Bureau Civil Rights Act of 1866 Black Codes Impeachment Civil Rights Act of 1875 Congress takes the Power 2nd round of Recon: Congress leads Ex-Confederate States: Rep. controlled gov’t under military protection of the US army until “ALL RECONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS ARE MET” Republicans rule :TN (1 year), FL (9 years) Southern Government: Majority in both houses are white men Only exception: SC Freedmen control 1873 House of Rep. Legislators included native-born white southerners, freemen, and northerners Supporters of Reconstruction Scalawags: nickname given to Southerners who joined the Rep. Party Former Whigs Rival of S. Democrat Economic development and peace for their state Formed allies in the north and with whites/blacks in the south Supporters of Reconstruction Carpetbaggers: northern newcomers seeking to improve their economic/political situations “Make a fortune out of the South’s misfortune” Young, basic education, worked to get political career African Americans Get Power 1500 black men help Republicans Party Superintendents, sheriffs, coroners, police, state legislature Legislators: well-educated property holders, moderate stance Blanche K. Bruce, Hiram Revels-Senators (took J. Davis’s seat!) Loyalty Oaths required to vote-AA men quickly sign up to vote White southerners struggling to accept-many avoid voting all together Black majorities rising throughout the South Reconstruction: Success v. Failure Successes Freedman’s Bureau Liberalized state const. Debt relief Universal male suffrage 13, 14, 15 Amendments Internal growth (roads) Societal Growth; schools, hospitals/asylums Failures No woman suffrage Segregation of schools End of F.B.; illiteracy, low quality med care, housing, and econ opportunities Limited protection of legal rights for AA Political corruption (took $) Mismanagement of money Freedmen: New Life Family Life Schools and Churches AA men and women have Freedmen’s Bureau combats legal rights: can build families and get married Start schools, churches, and social institutions Issues in the South: Settle for substandard living conditions Hard to find jobs Black codes illiteracy Black Colleges est. Black churches flourish Helped build community, employment, political rallies, and schools Black activists start off as ministers Southern Economy: Problems Uneven distribution of land 1. 90% of land owned by only 50% of the population 2. Competition between landless whites and blacks 3. Sherman:“40 acre and a mule” plan did not offer a solution 4. Did not want to take land from wealthy (Stevens) Systems for Sharing Land Sharecropping: landowner chooses the crop AND provides sharecropper with shelter, seeds, and tools in return for a “share” of the harvest Problems: Tools: costly, high int. rate Sharecropper perpetually in debt to landowner; often lied to about debt Systems for Sharing Land Share-tenancy: similar to sharecropping BUT worker chose his crop and bought own supplies More autonomy, could better judge prices, possible to save $$$ System for Sharing Land Tenant Farming: paid rent to landowner then free to manage his own crops and free to choose where he lives All depended on management skills Grant Administration: 1st Term Concerned with railroads, labor, and money Gilded Age & Violence Public obsessed with material interests From reformers to Spoilsmen: political manipulators (spoils system back again) Business/Political bosses scheme to enrich themselves Senator Roscoe Conklin, James Blaine Boss man Tweed, Jay Gould, James Fisk Formation of the KKK Purpose: keep freed people from the polls End of Reconstruction Grant is reelected for a 2nd term: Corruption again Panic of 1873=Economic Depression Over-speculation and overbuilding (railroads) Businesses fail, jobless/homeless population Inflation rampant; farmers in debt REDEEMING THE SOUTH: *Radical Republicans waning, Southern conservatives called “redeemers” take back Southern government State’s rights, reduced taxes, reduced spending on social programs, white supremacy Election of 1876 Federal troops withdrawn from all but SC, FL, and LA Democrats return to power in other S. states R: Rutherford B. Hayes (OH) D: Samuel J. Tilden (NY) Hayes wins 1876: “Compromise of 1877”: Immediate end to Reconstruction in South if Democrats vote Hayes End of Reconstruction Hayes withdraws all troops from South 1880s-1890s: Supreme Court strikes down Reconstruction laws that protected blacks Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 Blacks remain poor farmers; fall further behind